“WiKitty”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了9篇GRE分数如何从300提升到320，今天小编就给大家整理后的GRE分数如何从300提升到320，希望对大家的工作和学习有所帮助，欢迎阅读!
篇1：GRE分数如何从300提升到320
GRE分数如何从300提升到320?前人备考经验助你顺利提分
制定具体分数目标
不同的考生有不同的申请学校和努力目标，而这些学校的录取分数线肯定也是各有不同的。考生不应该抱着先考再说，看成绩再决定申请哪家学校的想法，而是应该一开始就决定好申请目标再开始备考，如此才能让自己的复习要求更为明确，更有目的性。不同的学校对于GRE成绩也有不同要求，不仅体现在总分上，有些院校对于考生的作文分数也会有一定的倾向性和衡量标准。总之，根据申请目标进行考试是很有必要的。
追求高分不能只看入门教材
GRE考试难度颇高，考生不仅需要打好考试基础，也需要提高要求练习一些难题。官方出品的考试指南能够帮助考生快速入门，可以说是所有考G新手都不可或缺的重要入门书。但考试指南本身难度偏低却也是不争的事实。想要在GRE考试中得到好成绩，光靠看官方指南还是远远不够的。考生还需要根据自身的实际情况和学习水平，进行一些有难度的强化性训练，如此才能保证好成绩。
掌握猜答案跳题等应试技巧
做不出来只能靠猜，也许很多考生会觉得有点丢脸。但在GRE考试中，由于偶尔会出现的一些高难度题目，考生就算一路顺利解题，也难免会遇到一些难度超规格的难题。在无法应对难题的情况下，与其浪费许多时间却无法解决，还不如干脆猜一个比较有可能的答案然后继续前进。学会取舍才是GRE考试高分的关键所在，不要让一道难题阻碍你前进的步伐，也不要因为猜答案而产生心理负担，GRE考试正需要这样的解题策略。
以上就是小编和为大家带来的GRE高分考生备考提分心得经验，希望能给大家带来一些指导和帮助，最后小编祝各位考生都能顺利取得GRE高分好成绩，成功实现出国留学梦想。
听英文歌学GRE单词:Shewas presumptuous
Shewas presumptuous
Shewas bold to the point of rudeness
Butthere was always so much subtlety
Inever notice how she treated me
Shenever liked it when I was superficial
WhenI only scratched the surface
Lovingher could be unnerving
Sheoften made me nervous
Shehad a wry sense of humor,a dry sense of humor,a wry sense ofhumor
Shehad a witty personality,clever personality,witty personality
Longmay she reign
Ruleover me with supreme power
Shecould be supercilious,so haughty,she looked down on me
ButI barely noticed that about her
Iwant to be duped again
Iwant to be fooled again
AndI may have been deluded and misled
ButI felt so safe inside her spider web
Insideher spider web
Sometimesshe’d provoke me
She’darouse me into action
She’dpick on me because of my views
I’dsay I suffered persecution
Shenever liked it when I was a sycophant
WhenI tried to be an ass-kisser
Iguess it was unsound and unhealthy
ButI,I could not resist her
Shehad a fluid way about her,a flowing way about her,a fluid wayabout her
Shehad a plethora of talent,a whole lot of talent,a plethora oftalent
Longmay she reign
Ruleover me with supreme power
Shecould be so irascible,so querulous,so irritable
ButI barely noticed that about her,oh that about her
Iwant to be duped again
Iwant to be fooled again
AndI may have been deluded and misled
ButI felt so safe inside her spider web
Insideher spider web
presumptuousadj. excessively forward
subtletyn. delicateness
superficialadj. only on the surface
unnervingadj. causing nervousness or fear
wryadj. cleverly and often ironically funny/bent or twisted
wittyadj. clever
reignv. to hold supreme,to rule /n.the time during which a leader rules
superciliousadj.uncaringly arrogant
haughtyadj.overly proud
dupev. fooled or tricked
deludev. deceived or misled
provokev. to stir up
persecutionn. the abuse of a person or group because of their beliefs or appearance
sycophantn. someone who is overly flattering to authority figures
unsoundadj. unstable/not valid or true
fluidadj. flowing
plethoran. a large amount
irascibleadj. easily irritated
querulousadj. whiny,complaining
听英文歌学GRE单词:Letme extol you
Letme extol you
Laud you and revere you
Venerate and worship you
CanI cajole you
Coaxyou,baby sway you
Whatcan I do to alter you
WellI commiserate,I have sympathy
Youknow I care for you
Ifeel what you feel.I’ve got empathy
Girl,allyou got to do
(is)Coalesce,unite,putit all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
Coalesce,unite,put it all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
Subjugateme
Domineer me,dominate me
Tellme exactly what to do
Humiliateme
Abase me and berate me
Treatme cruel,I’ll still love you
Ihave fortitude and longevity
I’mstrong and I’ll last long for you
Don’tbe curt or brusque,don’t be short with me
I’mdetermined,tenacious,resolute
(is)Coalesce,unite,putit all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
Coalesce,unite,put it all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
I amebullient
I’moverflowing with excitement
I’m versatile,Ido it all
Mylove’s reliable
Wellit’s not fleeting or ephemeral
Andit will be there when you fall
CauseI am everywhere,I am ubiquitous
Youknow I’m watching you
Idon’t miss a detail,I’m meticulous
GirlI’d love to study you
(is)Coalesce,unite,putit all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
Coalesce,unite,put it all together
Acquiesce,comply,give in to your desire
extolv.to praise highly
laudv.to praise or compliment
reverev.to respect highly;worship
veneratev.to treat with admiration or awe
cajolev.to persuade,often using insincere promises
commiseratev.to express sorrow for another
empathyv.the ability to share in another’s feelings
coalescev.to unite into a whole
acquiescev.to agree to or accept
subjugatev.to dominate or conquer
domineerv.to rule over or control
abasev.to embarrass
beratev.to scold angrily
fortituden.mental strength;moral courage
longevityn.long life
brusqueadj.harshly blunt
tenaciousadj.stubborn and determined
resoluteadj.strong-willed or determined
ebullientadj.joyous and energetic
versatileadj.having many different skills,talents,or uses
ephemeraladj.fleeting,short-lived
ubiquitousadj.occurring everywhere,very common
meticulousadj.extremely attentive to detail
篇2：如何从业务员提升到基层管理者
开篇点题：首先要给自己一个明确的定位，你的理想是什么？你想干什么？每一位走入销售行业的朋友，都需慎重思考，如果你就给自己定位成长为一名业务精英，我的文章你可以不用再往下看了。
职业生涯，无非横向与纵向。
横向的是向着精英业务员去发展，对自己的区域非常熟悉，无论你接什么品种，都可以快速上手，快速将市场铺开，顺利开展工作。
纵向的是向着管理层去发展，需要着重培养自己的管理能力，这包括组织沟通能力，队伍协调能力，市场把控能力，团队培训能力等等，简单的说就是组班子，带队伍、定策略、开市场及后期管理，这五个方面的能力均需强势。
如何从业务员提升到基层管理者，是我今天想说的话题。
对于业务员的定义很多，概念很多，我的想法是业务员可以分为五个层次：做、想、说、写、讲。这五个字是什么意思？
做：新人入行，对行业不了解，对工作不了解，对将来所面对的环境不了解，怎么办？就按照你的领导告诉你的，需要你做什么？你就去做就行了，此时，你就是一个执行者，你是一个靠体力赚工资的人，领导让你干什么，你就干什么，量变引起质变，当你做到一定的时间，你会发现你将有所改变，慢慢的，你脑袋中就会出现一些东西，比如说，你的领导让你每天都按照这条路线去跑，但你做了这么一段时间以后，你发现稍微改变一下，线路会更精准，时间效率会更高。如果是这样，恭喜你，你已经从最初的一个体力劳动者，在逐渐向业务员的第二个层次转变了。想：当你做到了一定的时间后，你脑中会不时的闪现出一些让工作更轻松的火花出来，这些思想的火花，是你前期努力做的结果，也是你个人思想精华的提升，你已经开始思考东西，并且有了思考的方向，通过前期的做，你已经能够把握住思考的方向，而不是乱想，或者说想一些没有用的东西，想一些没有用的东西是新人的大忌，很多新人自认为很聪明，脑袋很灵活，但可惜，对行业不了解，往往想的东西不切实际，这个时候想的东西往往补领导看着，很幼稚，但自己却感觉很了不起，因为你感觉你的想法很好，甚至很伟大，
所以，新人入行，不要先去想，而是先去做，努力去做，这一点很重要。
说：当你想的多了，平时和同事，朋友们聊天时，你自然的会说出你的想法，但也有一些人，说不出来，那是你想的还不够多，不要着急，再去做，再去想，想的多了，自然方法就多了，交流沟通的时候，你的主意也就多了，说的自然会多起来。但此时有一点，切忌不要乱说，甚至胡说，大家可以想一想，平时我们身边是不是有着这么一群人，他们平时聊天时，天南地北，古今中外，无所不知，不所不聊，侃大山的时候非常牛屁，可一旦上了台面，就卡壳了，就什么都说不出来，这是什么原因？一方面个人素质不过关，可能思想不少，但上了台，紧张，说不出来，另一方面，就是于工作有关的思考太少，侃大山不用动脑子，可以想到什么说什么，但上了台就不一样了。
写：为什么写放在了说的后面？两个原因，一是说，简单，说一遍对方不明白，你可以说第二遍，说第二遍对方不明白，你可以说第三遍，说第三遍对方还不明白，你可以换一个说法，但写就不同了，写出来的东西，你要让对方一看明白，你要表达的是什么意思，写不仅是考查个人的写作能力，更是表现一个人的语言组织能力、逻辑思维能力和方字功底等等。
讲：当你做了很多，想了很多，可以说出来的东西很多，并且可以通过写作清晰的表达出你的想法时候，你这个时候就需要试着去讲课了，讲与说不同，讲不能罗嗦，讲不能拖泥带水，讲要让听者一听就明白你的意思，一听就知道你的想法，而且讲也是一个人的胆量的体现，实力的体现，信心的体现。
如果你达到上述五个层次，你所在单位还让你做一个业务员，我可以告诉你，你可以跳槽了，因为你有能力去偿试着带队伍了……
欢迎与作者探讨您的观点和看法，电子邮件：gizof@126.com
篇3：GRE写作分数如何计算
GRE写作分数计算
新GRE写作的两个部分怎么算分?GRE写作的记分方式是这样的，两篇作文总分都是六分，计算公式为你的得分=(Issue的得分+Argument的得分) 2，最终的计分是以0.5分为一个格。
GRE考试逻辑写作包括两个不同的部分：
1.Issue task(30min)，要求作者根据所给题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。
2.Argument task(30min)，要求考生分析所给题目，完成一篇驳论文，指出并且有力的驳斥题目中的主要逻辑错误。
新GRE作文两个部分是如何算分的?
首先GRE写作两个部分在总分中的权重是一样的。新GRE作文中有两个项目，最后出的GRE作文分数是一个，所以如何进行GRE作文算分呢?
由于AA的写作不牵涉自己观点的展开，只须指出作者逻辑上的漏洞，因此在经过训练以后，写起来并不困难;而AI的写作需要自己展开自己设立的观点，不但需要逻辑上的洞察能力，还需要论证观点的能力，语言组织的能力，因此对于中国考生来讲比较困难，难以短期内有较大提高。
但是这两个部分在总分中的权重是一样的，因此考生的策略应该是尽量提高AI部分的写作能力而力保AA部分满分(或高分)。因为如果AA部分满分的话，AI部分只需争取在4分以上就可以保证整体作文分数在5分以上。
ETS的评分标准以及作文分数的计算
参照ETS评过分的范文，我们不难发现：无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT在评分标准上都有共同之处，即：
第一，观点要有深度，论证要有说服力;
第二，组织要有条理，表达清晰准确;
第三，语言流利，句式复杂，词汇丰富。
这三条分别说的是行文的“思想性”、“结构性”和“表达性”，众多高分作文的考生大凡都在这三个方面做得很好，我们理所当然也要从这里入手，采取“各个击破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本质，从而得到一个理想分数。GRE写作的记分方式是这样的，两篇作文总分都是六分，计算公式为你的得分=(Issue的得分+Argument的得分)/2，最终的计分是以0.5分为一个格。
新GRE写作要求考生在30分钟+30分钟内分别完成两篇文章，它是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求最高的一类作文考试。
更多关于GRE考试终盘点及备考规划的内容，请关注新东方网GRE频道，也可通过下方二维码关注我们的微信平台(微信号：GRE-XDF)。
GRE issue写作优秀实例：伟大含义的判定
题目：
The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.“
一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。
正文：
When it comes to the evaluation of a historical figure, we cannot resist the temptation to wonder who is the final judge to decide his contribution and greatness and thus attribute him with lasting value. The speaker claims that it is the duty of those who live after them to decide. I concede that in certain areas, especially in scientific field where the significance of one hypothesis or invention has to be tested and retested by later followers to justify its correctness and accountability. In areas, such as art and business, it is possible to demonstrate one’s greatness and collect recognition by his contemporaries.
In the field of art, we observe numerous examples convincing us that contemporaries do endow those great achievers with respect and recognition. It is true that originality is always what innovative artists crave for and thus make it impossible for ordinary people or even veteran art critic to appreciate. The paintings of Van Gush ran contrary to the wide-accepted norm and thus relegated by critics as indecipherable and bewildering. Even Shakespeare, the greatest writer we have in history was criticized by some literature critics as treacherous and a fancy exhibitor. But we need look no further than Mark Twain to justify how possible it is for an individual to be accepted by his counterpoise. Twain’s vivid description of life on Mississippi River won him immediate fame as the most popular writer in American history and the happy ending is that a yesterday sailor became today’s successful and rich writer.
The same case occurs in business world. Unlike the process of art creation, which is an interaction between artists who send the message and the audience who receive and interpret the message, business executives aim at a more practical and direct ending, that is to say, to maximize profit, make the best use of shareholder’s investment and increase the well being of company stuff. Admittedly, some strategies executed by business leaders might seem labyrinthine at first sight to some outsiders, but as long as the goal of the enterprises are being successfully met with respect the proper function of business, neat organization of internal structure and a consistent contribution to the well being of neighborhood, community and government budget, it pose no threat to people’s understanding how great these leaders are. By introducing new production streamline, the founding father of Ford is immediately recognized and accoladed as a successful businessman with true innovative idea and cute business sense and vision. Bill Gates, giant in hi-tech industry, is ranked as the most successful businessman due to the huge success he brought to the Microsoft as well as the contribution he made to the entire industry.
But in the scientific arena, less fortunate stories are revealed. Since no scientific findings can stand as everlasting, universally admitted truth free from doubt and suspicion, scientific discovery have to yield to time to be tested and retested to find where the true value lies. Scientists with truly innovative idea going against the wide-accepted doctrine are usually biased and prejudiced since to reform the deep-rooted and stubborn dogma in people’s head is a formidable job that would even as tough as the scientific discovery process itself. Einstein’s quantum theory,Copernicus’ discovery that the sun is the center of the universe instead of earth,Darwin’s claim that human being is evolved from other life forms instead of the creation of God all suffer the same fate as heresy and nonsense. It is the offspring who begin to evaluate these great discoveries from pure objective and scientific perspectives and name those scientists and their findings as significant and crucial.
To sum up, neither the contemporaries nor the later generations alone act as an efficient litmus stone to test to value of an individual. In the area of art and business where the value can be recognized according to the public reaction, economic gaining and so forth, it is possible to be recognized and get immediate distinctiveness. On the other hand, in the scientific field where people’s idea lag behind scientific vision, negligence often happens as a result of misunderstanding and unwillingness to change, in this sense, an individual has to wait even for centuries to be recognized as a great person.
GRE issue写作优秀实例：学科
题目：
Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.
与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科——从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学——大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。
正文：
The above argument completely neglects the internal value and essence of college education. If it were put into effect, not only the education itself but also the whole society would undergo a severe devastation. Even for the sake of practicality, also it is not necessarily a good suggestion and will seriously mislead students in their future.
When it is concerned with the purpose and essence of education, at the beginning one must refer to the father of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, whose influence upon the American and world education has reached far into even today. One of his most famous apothegms about education is that the truly valuable education should be aiming at the improvement of both one’s “moralities” and “faculties”. Varying greatly though people’s understanding over this idea is over times, seldom did they suspect its justification and insightfulness. Therefore, it is safe to base our analysis upon this thought in order to determine whether students should be allow to enroll only in those work-oriented courses.
There is almost no escaping the fact that the purely vocation-oriented education is quite inconsistent with developing a lofty or decent moral in students. In traditional society, it was family and community that transmitted its basic values, conventions and moralities to children. As time goes by, however, this role and responsibility have been gradually shifted to schools and teachers, either for better or worse. If the whole education becomes completely vocation-oriented, the education of moralities is certain to become secondary for both schools and students, and the neglecting of moral education will become something sooner or later. That is to say, modern education system will fail to undertake the responsibilities that traditional family and community transmitted to it. To some extent, this is just what happens in many schools of many counties. As a result, when we continuously complain the decline in moralities, no one realizes that it intrinsically origins from the absence of roles to undertake the duty for moral education.
Also a work-oriented education contradicts fundamentally with the aim of improving “faculties”. Vocational education differs from academic education in that it lays more emphasis on the teaching of methods, techniques and specific knowledge, while the latter values more the nurturing of a profound, well-rounded intelligence and character. In a word, vocational education simply stuffs students with all kinds of practical “content”, which has little to do with improving “faculties”. By this education, maybe we will “produce” a larger number of qualified engineers or specialists, but really great thinkers like Newton, Einstein or Karl Marx would never come up. Obviously, such a vocational education aims at temporary mean benefits, far more than the long-term and actually valuable ones of human beings.
Furthermore, even when practical goals are involved, the work-oriented courses also are not necessary good choices for student. The rapid growth of modern science and technology makes professions ceaselessly changeable, new ones continuously emerging and old ones continuously disappearing. On this occasion, it is high likely that the “hot” courses for jobs today will become completely obsolete, unwelcome by market. Taking merely vocation-oriented courses, thus, means a higher risk for students. However, this kind of risk can be greatly avoided by non-work-oriented education, that is, academic education through which we can learn some “life skills”—skills including logic thinking, reasoning, synthesizing, and creative problem-solving. Undoubtedly, these personal faculties will never be out of date and can ensure a brilliant future for students who are excellent in these aspects.
In conclusion, there is always something that is perpetual in the nature of education, and it never changes with the change of people’s focus, interest or preference. The pursuit of education for moralities and faculties is certainly just such an epitome.Perhaps that is what we can learn from Thomas Jefferson and the above discussion.
篇4：如何提高GRE阅读分数
如何提高GRE阅读分数
新GRE阅读文章分类
1. 按题材分：文学评论, 美国历史, 弱势群体, 生命科学
2. 按写作方法分：presentation[立论], argument[评论]
3. 按写作套路分：新旧观点型、现象解释型、结论解释型、问题解决型
训练阅读速度
先别做题了，先拿来一篇文章，做完，然后回过头去看那篇文章，划出认为一定得读的词，把不用看的化掉，比如however,but是必读的，for example之后不用细看。根据题目判断哪些词是必读，这样做个5,6篇文章就有把握了，哪些是关键词。不要盲目的参考其他书说的什么，not only之后不用看，but also要看之类的，一定要自己总结，这样才能尽快习惯。
之后就继续大量训练，不停卡时间，强迫读关键词，读完做题，这样很快就能快速读完了。同时也要看杨鹏长难句，仔细体会怎么快速破解一句难句。做阅读时，尽量做到不回视，除了ts之类的，都一遍读下来，训练的时候一定要这样，养成这个习惯，强迫自己集中注意力。考试的时候，可以反复琢磨下关键句子。
意群阅读训练法
从阅读的意义上来讲，意群就是指大家平时阅读一篇文章时，视线每停留一次，进入视界范围的单词会有多个。这些单词不带有任意性，单词与单词之间的逻辑意义紧密相连，所以可以暂且将这种意义紧密相连的多个单词视为一个意群。
要想将这种方法运用到实际的阅读当中，那就有必要知道，语篇的构成单位为段落，段落的构成单位则是句子，而句子的最终构成单位为语言意义的基本载体单元词汇。而意群训练，是指按照对词汇之间意义的紧密性及对英语句子的结构进行拆分的阅读方法，这样不仅利于阅读速度的提升还可以提高一个人对语篇环境的适应能力。
排除法做题
排除法可以说是应对所有选择题的万能技巧之一，虽然在GRE阅读中排除法也许无法帮你精准地找到最后的正确答案，但在解题初期通过排除法缩小选项范围，把本来五选一的题目变成二选一或者三选一还是很有价值的。所以排除法大家也需要掌握，结合解题思路更有效地提升解题效率，节省考试时间。
GRE阅读材料要精挑细选 科学发电要更倚重自然
说到GRE阅读，无非就是多看。但是看什么很关键。短期捷径有没有?当然有，那就是GRE阅读机经，本月最新的阅读机经已经发布，gre.zhan.com/yuedu45235.html.包含逻辑阅读、短阅读、长阅读，一共5篇。每篇均有资深GRE教师分享给大家的参考答案和解题思路。
如果从长远来看，那就是要多看文章，多读书，了解的多接触的多，自然不怕，也能够更加熟悉英文表达。但是时间有限，选择看什么就很重要。小编通过咨询相关资深GRE培训教师，为大家精选了很多外媒主流杂志，每天会发布一篇文章，包含中文翻译，供大家学习!
design, nature has often got there first
若论巧夺天工，自然常常更胜一筹
A virtuous spiral
上面的螺纹看似简单，实际有效
SOLAR-POWER stations take up a lot of room.
太阳能发电站占地面积巨大，
They need either vast arrays of photovoltaic panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, or of mirrors,
站内大部分的空间被光伏太阳能板或和定向反射镜所占据。前者能将光能直接转换为电能;后者会将太阳热折射到锅炉，
which direct it towards a boiler, in order to raise steam and drive a generator.
利用锅炉将水加热成蒸汽，驱动发电机组工作，达到热能转化为电能的目的。
这篇阅读材料还有MP3音频哦!下载>>传送门
The space these arrays occupy could often be used for other purposes.
这些整齐排列的面板和镜身所占的区域通常能用于其它用途。
Two researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have now devised a better and more compact way of laying out arrays of mirrors.
麻省理工学院的两位研究员就找出了更好的方法布置定向反射镜排列，不仅能节约出更多的空间，还能提高发电效率。
Slightly to their chagrin, however, and somehow appropriately,
然而，有点儿让他们懊恼的是，
they found when they had done the calculations that sunflowers had got there first.
他们计算出的和向日葵花盘型花序上所排列的，大致相同。
Alexander Mitsos and Corey Noone started with the observation that existing concentrated solar-power plants,
Alexander Mitsos和Corey Noone这两位研究员先从观察运行中的集中型太阳能发电厂入手。
as those which drive boilers are known, usually have their mirrors arranged in a way that resembles the seating in a cinema.
如大家所知，这些发电厂用太阳能驱动锅炉做功产生热量。通常定向反射镜的安排布置与电影院座椅位置如出一辙。
The mirrors are placed in concentric semicircles facing a tower, on top of which the boiler and the turbine sit.
高塔处于荧屏所在的中心位置，所有的定向反射镜则以高塔为圆心，呈半圆形分布。
That arrangement, however, sometimes results in the mirrors shading each other as the sun's position in the sky changes,
随着一天中太阳在天空中位置的变换，镜身间会出现相互遮挡的问题。
even though the mirrors are usually attached to robotic arms that track the sun as it moves.
即使厂家通常会在镜身后部安装能随太阳位置变换而相应变换的机械手臂，但这一问题还是无法解决。
According to their report in Solar Energy, Dr Mitsos and Mr Noone found that they could do better.
据他们在《太阳能》杂志上发表的文章称，两位研究员认为能有方法解决这一难题。
They divided each of the mirrors in a real power plant, PS10, in southern Spain into about 100 pieces.
在一家位于西班牙南部的发电站，PS10中，他们把每一片定向反射镜的平面面积分为差不多100块。
They then plugged each of those pieces into a computer model that calculated all of the energy losses
然后将每一片镜身上的这100多块面积里产生的吸热数据接入电脑，通过电脑程序计算出能量损失总和。
by noting points where mirrors were not optimally oriented to the sun and places where they hindered one another by blocking incoming or reflected rays.
这包括镜身没能直对太阳造成的损失，以及镜身位置因相互遮挡使折射光线受阻或反射到锅炉的光线受阻时造成的损失。
It then rejigged them into a better arrangement.
然后再根据数据重新对镜身进行排列组合。
Fermat's conjecture
费马螺线魔力
previous efforts have been directed mainly at stopping the mirrors shading each other, which tends to mean spreading them out.
在此之前，人们做出了种.种努力，但总是在镜身相互遮挡这一问题上束手无策。而对此常会采用的是展开布局，增加排列面积来避免这种情况出现。
Dr Mitsos and Mr Noone also wanted to save space.
而两位研究员还想节省面积。
In trying to do so they stumbled on an unusual arrangement that had the desired effect.
为此绞尽脑汁之际，他们无意中发现有一种非常规的排列布局有很好的效果。
When they showed this layout to a third researcher, Manuel Torrilhon of Aachen University in Germany,
他们将这种布局安排展示给另一位研究者，德国亚琛工业大学的Manuel Torrilhon。
he recognised the spiral patterns within it, and this prompted the trio to test a design specifically modelled on nature.
后者认为这种设计中有螺线存在，这促使三位研究者以向日葵花盘型花序为蓝本仔细测试设计。
That design was a pattern known as a Fermat spiral, in which each element is set at a constant angle of 137° to the previous one.
他们采用的设计即费马螺线。即每一个圆在之前一个圆旋转角度为137度时，折线回旋螺线。
It is most familiar as the arrangement of the florets that make up a sunflower head.
这一排列布置与向日葵花的盘型花序纹路如出一辙。
更多双语文章《 点击这里
When the three researchers programmed their model to arrange PS10's mirrors in front of the tower in a segment from such a spiral,
三位研究者按照计划安排PS10发电厂的镜身位置，在高塔前，将定向反射镜呈部分费马螺线状布局。
they both improved the efficiency of the collection process and saved space.
结果显示在吸收太阳热量的过程中，效率得以提高，占地面积减少。
The improvement in efficiency was, admittedly, quite small,
诚然，效率提高非常有限，
but the space saving was significant—almost 16%.
而空间节省面积却很高，减少近16%。
If solar power is to make up much of the world's electricity output in future, as supporters of alternative energy hope it will,
如果太阳能如可替代能源支持者所希望的一那样，在未来成为世界电力的重要来源，
a lot of land will be needed for the power stations.
那么太阳能发电站势必将需要占据更大的面积。
Reducing that requirement by a sixth, as this discovery promises, would be a big gain.
如果能像此次研究所发现的那样，有希望将定向反射镜所占地面积减少六分之一，那么这将是一个巨大的进步。
It would also show that if you look hard enough, there really is nothing new under the sun.
同样让我们认识到的是，地球上还有许多未知等待我们认真研究。
【热门GRE人文知识拓展阅读】锻炼出点汗，值了
Just why exercise is so good for people is, at last, being understood
为什么锻炼有利于身体健康呢，人们终于知道答案了
ONE sure giveaway of quack medicine is the claim that a product can treat any ailment.
有一种绝对能推销出去狗皮膏药的方法就是说它包治百病。
There are, sadly, no panaceas.
遗憾的是灵丹妙药并不存在。
But some things come close, and exercise is one of them.
但有些方法却起到类似的作用，锻炼就是其中之一。
As doctors never tire of reminding people, exercise protects against a host of illnesses,
医生们一直不厌其烦地提醒人们锻炼身体有助于防范一系列疾病，
from heart attacks and dementia to diabetes and infection.
包括心脏病、痴呆症、糖尿病以及感染。
How it does so, however, remains surprisingly mysterious.
但是人们一直不知道为什么。
这篇阅读材料还有MP3音频哦!下载>>传送门
But a paper just published in Nature by Beth Levine of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre and her colleagues sheds some light on the matter.
德克萨斯大学西南医学中心贝丝莱文及其同事最近在《自然》杂志发表的论文给出了一些解释。
Dr Levine and her team were testing a theory that exercise works its magic, at least in part, by promoting autophagy.
莱文博士及其小组证明一个理论的正确性，即锻炼之所以有神奇的作用，
This process, whose name is derived from the Greek for self-eating,
部分原因是它能促进自体吞噬。
is a mechanism by which surplus, worn-out or malformed proteins and other cellular components are broken up for scrap and recycled.
这个名称来自希腊词语自食其肉，指的是多余的、不能再用的、畸形的蛋白质和其他细胞成分被分解成碎片并再循环。
To carry out the test, Dr Levine turned to those stalwarts of medical research, genetically modified mice.
莱文博士在这个实验中使用转基因老鼠作为实验对象，医学研究中经常使用转基因老鼠。
Her first batch of rodents were tweaked so that their autophagosomes,
第一组老鼠被调整使得其细胞中的自噬体发出绿光，
structures that form around components which have been marked for recycling—glowed green.
这种结构形成的部分被用于再循环。
After these mice had spent half an hour on a treadmill,
这些老师被放在跑步机上半个小时后，
she found that the number of autophagosomes in their muscles had increased,
莱文博士发现它们肌肉中的自噬体增加了，
and it went on increasing until they had been running for 80 minutes.
直到跑了80分钟才停止增加。
To find out what, if anything, this exercise-boosted autophagy was doing for mice,
为了找出这种由锻炼刺激的自噬作用对老鼠有什么作用，
the team engineered a second strain that was unable to respond this way.
研究小组设计了另一组不能如此反应的老鼠。
Exercise, in other words, failed to stimulate their recycling mechanism.
换句话说，锻炼并没刺激再循环机制。
When this second group of modified mice were tested alongside ordinary ones,
当第二组的转基因老鼠和普通老鼠一起接受实验时，
they showed less endurance and had less ability to take up sugar from their bloodstreams.
它们的耐力逊于后者，也不能很好地从血液中吸收糖分。
There were longer-term effects, too.
还有长期影响。
In mice, as in people, regular exercise helps prevent diabetes.
老鼠和人一样，定期锻炼有助于预防糖尿病。
But when the team fed their second group of modified mice a diet designed to induce diabetes,
但是在研究小组给第二组转基因老鼠喂了一种专门用来诱发糖尿病的食物后，
they found that exercise gave no protection at all.
他们发现锻炼并没有任何预防效果。
Dr Levine and her team reckon their results suggest that manipulating autophagy may offer a new approach to treating diabetes.
莱文博士及其小组认为实验结果表明受到操纵的自噬作用有可能提供一种新的治疗糖尿病的方法。
And their research is also suggestive in other ways.
他们的研究在其他方面也有启示。
Autophagy is a hot topic in medicine,
自噬作用在医学界是个热门话题，
as biologists have come to realise that it helps protect the body from all kinds of ailments.
因为生物学家逐渐意识到它能抵御各种小病。
The virtues of recycling
再循环的功效
Autophagy is an ancient mechanism, shared by all eukaryotic organisms.
自体吞噬机制很古老，所有真核生物都有。
更多双语文章《 点击这里
It probably arose as an adaptation to scarcity of nutrients.
它的产生可能是为了适应营养物质的缺乏的环境。
Critters that can recycle parts of themselves for fuel are better able to cope with lean times than those that cannot.
有些家畜能循环利用它们身体的一部分作为养料，这样的动物比其他的动物在食物匮乏期更容易生存。
But over the past couple of decades,
但是在过去几十年里，
autophagy has also been shown to be involved in things as diverse，
自体吞噬在其他很多地方也有所体现，
as fighting bacterial infections and slowing the onset of neurological conditions like Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases.
比如对抗细菌感染、放缓老年痴呆症和亨丁顿舞蹈症等神经症状的发病。
Most intriguingly of all, it seems that it can slow the process of ageing.
最有趣的是，看起来它还延缓了老化过程。
Biologists have known for decades that feeding animals near-starvation diets can boost their lifespans dramatically.
生物学家几十年来都知道在动物保持接近饥饿的状态下喂食能大幅度提高它们的寿命。
Dr Levine was a member of the team which showed that an increased level of autophagy, brought on by the stress of living in a constant state of near-starvation,
莱文博士曾经工作的一个小组证明在长期接近饥饿的状态下生存的压力引起了自体吞噬水平的提高，
was the mechanism responsible for this life extension.
这种原理使得寿命延长。
The theory is that what are being disposed of in particular are worn-out mitochondria.
被处理掉的其实是衰弱的线粒体。
These structures are a cell's power-packs.
这种结构给细胞提供能量。
They are where glucose and oxygen react together to release energy.
在线粒体里，葡萄糖和氧气共同作用释放能量。
Such reactions, though, often create damaging oxygen-rich molecules called free radicals,
不过这种反应却常常制造出有害的富氧分子，即自由基，
which are thought to be one of the driving forces of ageing.
它是促成老化的原因之一。
Getting rid of wonky mitochondria would reduce free-radical production and might thus slow down ageing.
除掉没用的线粒体可以减少自由基的生成，这样就可能减缓老化过程。
A few anti-ageing zealots already subsist on near-starvation diets,
一些反老化的狂热分子已经开始靠保持饥饿状态的饮食为生了，
but Dr Levine's results suggest a similar effect might be gained in a much more agreeable way, via vigorous exercise.
但是莱文博士的实验结果表示通过积极锻炼身体这样一种更随和的方式也能得到类似的效果。
The team's next step is to test whether boosted autophagy can indeed explain the life-extending effects of exercise.
该小组下一步将测试被激发的自体吞噬是否真的能解释锻炼有助于长寿。
That will take a while.
这尚需时间方能出结果。
Even in animals as short-lived as mice, she points out, studying ageing is a long-winded process.
她指出即使研究像老鼠这样寿命很短的动物也是长期曲折的过程。
But she is sufficiently confident about the outcome that she has, in the meantime, bought herself a treadmill.
但是她对结果非常自信，于此同时还给自己也买了一个跑步机
篇5：GRE阅读分数太难拿
GRE阅读分数太难拿?备考用好这3招就能轻松保分
在整个GRE考试过程中，考生首先需要做好一样工作，就是收集整理自己的 “阅读难句”，把所有文章中出现的认为 “绕”的句子都收录下来，每天早上看20-30句。特别是对于那些文章后面问题牵涉到或问到的难句，更要特别标注highlight起来，并把文章的问题附在句子后面，认真学习。这样做的好处是学习如何以ETS的眼光在文章/句子中 “抽丝剥茧”，“infer” 出答案，因为阅读的难题通常是 “infer” 题，而 “infer” 题的答案通常都藏在那些难句或 “闪烁其辞”的句子中。 这样看多了，“infer”的能力也相应的提高了。 (Eg: This ability to quickly locate unseen prey suggests，according to the researchers，that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers。 à Infer --- The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone。)
阅读文章分批次练习
在做GRE阅读考试的练习和总结的时候，小编建议大家不要一下子把所有文章全部都做完，然后再从头至尾再做第二次。 一般来说，最好的做法是以10篇或5个section为一个界限，做10篇，每篇做完后总结，做完这10篇后，回头再做一次，再总结，然后才开始下一个10篇。 这样做的好处是在短时间内加深对文章结构及考点的印象，更好的学习和纠正自己的思维，把握当前的考点，然后才进入下一个阶段。许多考生都能通过这种方法很好地掌握文章的结构及主题，准确率往往能控制在80%以上。
边读边总结效果更好
关于 “GRE阅读速度”，小编认为，称之为 “理解速度”更贴切，看得再快，不理解，又有何用? JJ中通常都有两派意见，一说快速读文章，然后答题1题1分钟; 另一说法是读文章不用太快，要边读边总结，然后答题时就容易些，更有把握些，通常也不用1分钟1题。在小编看来，后一种方法显然更加好用，对文章主旨main idea及结构理解得更好,准确率也高，尤其适用于长篇阅读。
GRE阅读对中国考生来说既是风险又是机遇，虽然本身难度较高容易出错耗时也多，但只要能够从中获得足够分数，考生往往能在语文VERBAL和总分上拔得头筹脱颖而出。因此上文中提到的这些备考技巧，小编希望大家能够有所了解，以便更好地备考GRE，斩获理想成绩。
GRE单词5种高效记忆方法
一、谐音法
就是利用英语(课程)单词的发音的谐音进行记忆的方法。谐音法如果使用得当，是最有效的记忆方法，可以真正做到过目不忘。不过，像所有其他方法一样，谐音法只适用于一部分GRE(课程)单词，切忌滥用和牵强。例如：
hyphen n. 连字号”-“
记法 1: hyphen音“还分”→还分着呢，快用连字号连起来吧
quaff n. /v. 痛饮，畅饮
记法 1: quaff音“夸父”→夸父追日，渴极痛饮
二、同构法
同构本是一个数学名词，这里用来指几个不同的英文单词可以由相同的英文字母构成这一现象。我们知道，每个英文单词都由一个或数个英文字母构造而成，由于字母在单词里排列顺序的变化，相同的几个字母便可以构造出不同的单词，这些单词互相称作同构词。如果同构词里有一个是我们非常熟悉的单词，那就可以拿来作为记忆其他同构单词的桥梁。用同构法记忆GRE单词表中的短词是最有效的。例如：
awl n. 尖钻，锥子
记法 1: awl→law(法律)→像尖钻一样钻法律的空子
dolt n. 笨蛋
记法 1: dolt→told(tell的过去式)→告诉过你了，笨蛋!
三、异构法
利用异构词进行记忆的方法就叫异构法。异构是相对于同构而言的。异构词是指在拼写上只相差一两个字母(或符号)的两个或几个单词。若异构词里有一个是我们所熟悉的，就可以拿来记忆GRE词汇精选中其他不熟悉的异构词。例如：
cant n. 隐语，术语
记法 1: cant→can’t(=can not)→让人无法听懂的隐语
con v. 熟读，精读
记法 1: con→icon(圣像，偶像)→熟读偶像的作品
四、拆字法
拆字法就是把一个单词拆成两个或两个以上的部分进行记忆的方法。被拆出来的部分可以是完整的有内在联系的几个单词;也可以是具有联想功能的几个字母组合。拆字拆得巧可以做到“望文生义”。同样，不是每个GRE单词都适合用拆字法来记忆。切忌乱拆。例如：
lackey n. 仆人
记法 1: lackey→lack(缺少)+key(钥匙)→缺少钥匙的人→没有权利的人→仆人(钥匙往往是权利的象征)
pigsty n. 猪圈
记法 1: pigsty→pig(猪)+sty(→stay停留)→猪待的地方→猪圈
五、新构词法
利用词根词缀进行记忆的方法叫构词法。也可以把构词法看作是一种特殊的拆字法。构词法的关键是词根，如果词根是熟悉的或者已经记住了，那么在遇到一个由该词根构成的新词的时候，构词法是很有效的一种助记法;但是，如果词根不熟或者还没有记住，那么构词法非但是无效的，而且将成倍增加记忆的负担，从而走向了助记法的反面。针对传统构词法的这一天然缺陷，本人提出了新构词法的概念，即构词法必须解决词根的记忆问题(把词根当作一个单词并利用上面几种方法来记忆)，例如：
arson n. 纵火
记法 1: arson→ars(火)+on→纵火
ars→Mars(火星)→火星上真的有火吗?
GRE词汇记忆最佳方法
第一次背GRE词汇时，几乎所有词都是崭新的，但是背到后几次的时候，就出现有的词已经很熟悉，有的词则一而再，再而三的遗忘的情况。最好的办法是用荧光笔加亮记不住的词，这样以后翻看的时候就有的放矢了。也可以借助迈西GRE背单词软件这样的工具来记，里面有标记颜色功能，也有自动归纳反复记不住单词为难记词汇的功能，除了自动复习，到最后还能导出一个难记词汇本，这时候就可以打印出来，随着带着，时不时翻看，直到吃透这些反复记不住的词汇为止。
如果是拿词汇书记，我们可以给自己准备不同的颜色，比如第二次反复时，记不住的词汇用荧光黄加亮，第三次时换成橘色，第四次换成绿色，第五次换成紫色。翻看时，颜色越深，就说明自己忘记的次数越多，越要着重看。如果第六次、第七次还是记不住，那么你还是把它写在笔记本上吧。
GRE词汇书要看多少次的问题也是考生们最关心的问题之一。因为词汇太多，反复是绝对必要的。GRE考试改革后，七次重复就差不多了，考生们可以试一试。
GRE词汇量的确有把人逼疯的能力，那么多的GRE词汇和新GRE高频词汇考生根本无法在短时间内背完，你不信可以坐下来背一整天，到了晚上肯定眼神放空，大脑工作迟缓，所以建议不要整天背单词。除了单词之外，逻辑、作文、阅读、填空，还有经常被中国学生忽视却在悄悄加了难度的数学部分，也需要相应的 训练。各部分穿插着进行练习，也能够巩固背单词的效果。
GRE词汇是很多考生备考过程中最为头疼的部分，但是确实整个考试最基础的部分，GRE考试改革后对GRE词汇量的改变并没有降低GRE词汇的难度，所以考生们还是要多记忆单词，打好基础是关键。
GRE考试备考词汇之与物理相关词汇
Heat Conduction热传导
原文：When a substance is heated, heat is passed from its hotter part to its cooler part. This way of passing heat is called conduction. Metals conduct heat easily. They are good conductors. Non-metals, such as wood, glass and plastic cannot conduct heat easily. They are bad conductors.
翻译：物质受热时，热量从温度高的地方向温度低的地方传递。这种热的传递方式叫传导。金属容易导热，是良好的导体。非金属，如木头、玻璃、塑料，不易导热，不是良好的导体。
讲解：上文中，substance是指物质，物质也可以用matter来表示。Conduct是传递、传导的意思，做动词时重音在后，读作/ k?n?d?kt/，conduct的名词形式是conduction，导体为conductor。导热，可以说heat conduction，也可以用passing heat来表达。
Travel of Sound声音的传播
原文：Sound is produced when things vibrate, like beating a drum or beating a guitar.Sound has to travel through solid, liquid or air to ears. When the sound is blocked by other things, it become less loud and clear. Sound travels better through liquid that through air. It travels best through solid.
翻译：声音是通过震动产生的，例如敲鼓或弹吉他。声音通过固体、液体或空气传入耳朵。当声音被其他物质阻挡时，声音会变小、变得不清晰。声音在液体中传播比在气体中传播快，在固体中传播最快。
讲解：travel除了指旅行，也可以表示传播，例如travel of sound声音的传播, travel of light光的传播。第一句sound is produced when things vibrate是一个被动句，由be produced构成被动结构;这句话中，vibrate的意思是震动。这段中三个关键词为solid固体，liquid液体和air空气。
Refraction of light光的折射
原文：Air, water and glass can let light pass through. They are called medium. When light passes from one medium to another, such as from water to air, its direction changes. This is called the refraction of light. The words under thick glass look higher up. The chopstick dipped into water looks bent. The rainbow looks curved. These are some examples of light refraction.
翻译：空气、水和玻璃可以使光通过，他们叫做介质。当光从一种介质传播到另一种介质，例如从水射入空气，方向会发生变化，这一现象叫光的折射。厚玻璃下面的字看起来更高。浸入水中的筷子看起来弯曲。彩虹是弯的。这些都是光的折射。
讲解：medium是介质的意思，介质是指能够传播能量的载体。Dip，浸蘸。Curve用作名词是曲线的意思，curved为形容词，弯曲的。
以上一些例子中，句子大多为简单句，语言并不算难。我们可以看到，一些常见的词汇，例如medium媒介，在物理学科中就成为了专有名词。如果有相关的物理背景知识，还是很好理解的。有很多我们日常生活中认识的词汇，在科学背景的材料中似乎就变得难以理解了。这是因为我们欠缺相关的专业知识，不知道这个词在这样的语境下是什么意思。为了避免这种情况，需要多积累广泛的背景知识，并在学习的时候充分调动起来。
物理学科其他常用词汇：
力force
速度velocity
热heat
温度temperature
固体solid
液体liquid
气体gas
晶体crystal
熔点melting point
凝固点solidifying point
汽化vaporization
蒸发evaporation
沸腾boiling
液化liquefaction
升华sublimation
凝华condensation
热传递heat transfer
热传导heat conduction
热对流heat convection
热辐射heat radiation
吸收absorb(v.)
放出release(v.)
玻璃glass
磁体magnet
重力gravity
浮力buoyancy force
电electricity
正极positive plate
负极negative plate
电压voltage
伏特Volt
摩擦起电electrification by friction
电路electric circuit
电源power source
导线wire
电键/开关key(switch)
电流electric current
灯泡light bulb
试管test tube
漏斗filter funnel
烧杯 beaker
量杯 graduated cylinder
篇6：GRE作文分数重要吗
GRE作文分数重要吗?
许多人可能都觉得，作文独立计分不算入总分，可能其分数重要性并不是太高。这种想法其实是存在很大错误的，原因主要有两点：
1. 文科专业重视GRE作文分数
众所周知，GRE考试作为一门研究生阶段入学的综合能力测试，其考试成绩可以用来申请全美各大学校的大部分研究生专业和项目。理科项目一般不需要作文得分，更看重的是GRE总分和GRE数学部分的成绩。而文科项目除了总分和语文部分成绩外，对于作文也往往会提出专门的分数要求，在这一点上越是优秀的学校越是明显。而假如考生想要申请的是排名靠前，在TOP20以内的顶尖文科名校，那么GRE作文至少也需要考出4分以上的成绩才能过关。根据官方发布的最新数据显示，中国考生的GRE作文平均成绩仅为3分，因此大家想要获得优秀文科院校的青睐，就需要在作文方面获得超过大部分考生的平均水准的成绩。
2. 作文分数常用于初期筛选申请人
同时，由于目前许多顶级名校的申请人数过多，招生官在初步筛选申请者时，往往会采取先根据GRE得分一刀切的方式，把一定分数线以下的考生直接排除。而在剩下的考生中，哪怕你的GRE总分超过别人不少，但如果作文分数偏低，那么你的被录取可能性就会降低。可以说，在GRE总分处于同一水平的情况下，考生GRE作文得分高低将成为衡量考生水平的重要参考指标。
GRE写作提分从这些角度入手
因此，GRE考生如果申请的是文科类院校专业，那么作文成绩就必须要进行提升，而提分的具体侧重要点可以归纳为以下四个方面：
1. 整体结构
文章的整体结构框架是一篇作文好坏的最重要标准。一般来说，一篇标准的GRE高分作文，按照开头，结尾加上中间三个段落的五段式写法是比较常见的。因此，考生对于一篇文章的写作，至少要列出3个分论点，确保中间三段言之有物，同时开头结尾也需要发挥出各自相应的引导和总结作用。
2. 逻辑论证
GRE作文有两篇，而无论是立论文ISSUE还是驳论文ARGUMENT，其本质都属于议论文，因此让文章显得有说服力就成为了关键所在。无论是让自己的论点能够站得住脚，还是让对方的观点显得错误百出，都需要考生通过逻辑论证来得以实现。因此，逻辑论证的合理性、对观点挖掘的深度，以及分论点之间的的连贯性，都考生需要在写作中体现出来以支撑逻辑论证。
3. 遣词造句
一篇好作文自然离不开词句上的运用。合理正确没有语法错误只能算是达标，想要让GRE作文得到4分以上的评价，考生就需要在达标以上进一步进行遣词造句的优化运用。句式使用上需要多样化，避免简单句的连续出现，但也不能过度堆砌长难句而让文章显得累赘。词汇运用上不能重复使用相同词汇，要体现出一定的变化展现词汇量，但也要确保所用词汇的正确表达，不能为了追求新颖而滥用生僻词汇，也需要避免词汇间错误搭配的问题。
4. 字数篇幅
虽然GRE考试对于作文字数篇幅从来没有提出过明确要求，但根据官方公布的各类高分范文来看，一般来说字数在400-600字是最佳范围。这是因为篇幅过短的文章，容易给考官留下考生写作能力不足，无法表达出自己想法的印象，但篇幅太长同样会给人留下啰嗦累赘的感觉。因此把文章的篇幅字数控制在400-600字是最为合适的做法。
综上所述，哪怕是GRE作文成绩不计入总分，大家也不能对作文备考掉以轻心。特别是对于想要申请文科的考生来说，足够优秀的作文成绩才能帮你在达成申请目标成功拿到OFFER的道路上走得更远。
GRE写作高分范文：竞争利弊问题
题目：
”Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.“
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
正文：
Darwin suggested that the process of evolution is one based on competition. This deadly competition weeds out the weak and only the fittest of the species survives. Humans, being the product of millions of years of evolution, are by nature, competitive beings. Yet, humans are also social beings. Like the bees in the hive, we are not very successful living completely on our own. We need to cooperate with other individuals for our survival. Thus, a conflict ensues, between our innate competitiveness, and our need to cooperate. There are pros and cons associated with both. However, it is my belief that overall, competition, is more detrimental than beneficial to human society.
First, let us try to identify why there is competition in the first place. In an environment abundant with resources, where supply outstrips demand, there is very little need for the inhabitants to fight with each other over them. This is not the case on planet earth. Resources are limited, and there is constant jostling to get to the front of the queue to get acquire them. For example, thousands of prospective students apply to gain entrance to top universities around the world, but there are only a handful of places in those
universities. Thus, there is competition to get into to these hallowed institutions of higher learning.From a utilitarian perspective, competition is a good thing. In evolution it is responsible for the elimination of ”weak“ genes. In the business environment, it gets rid of the weaker players. In politics, it weeds out unpopular candidates. In academia, it gets rid of weak students.
Furthermore, competition leads to self improvement. Businesses will strive to offer better products and services at lesser prices. The consumer reaps rich rewards from this competitive spirit. Politicians strive to do the utmost for the people, so they would get reelected. Students excel in there studies, trying to outdo each other.
Thus, ostensibly, competition is responsible for the betterment of the society as a whole. However, this is just the superficial view. Underneath the surface, competition, in every aspect, is slowly eating away at the very fabric of the society.
While it is true to say that competition in corporate world has brought great benefits to the consumer, the society as ”Missed A here“whole is playing a great price for it. Most businesses are exploiting cheap labour in the third world to maximise their profits. There are thousands of sweatshops run by well known western corporations in countries like Indonesia, Bangladesh and China. People are forced to work in squalid conditions, often 16 hours a day. They are lucky to receive a dollar a day for there labours. The moment a government in any of these countries try to improve the working conditions of the employees, these multinational giants flee the country, often leaving whole communities facing financial ruin. The corporations are aware that there are plenty of other labour markets that could be exploited with gay abandon.
That is just the human cost. What about the environmental costs? Competition has forced many corporations to ”stream line“ their operations. Environmental standards are normally the first victims of this ”stream line“ process. A significant amount of environmental pollution and land degradation has been blamed on industry, yet the factories keep producing more and more. Thousands of items go unsold each year due to competition. Only a fraction of this merchandise is recycled. The rest goes to the already overflowing landfills.
GRE写作高分范文：多媒体教育
GRE写作题目：
Although innovations such as video，computers，and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students，these technologies all too often distract from real learning.
尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术往往也是在偏离真正的学习。
GRE写作范文：
Nowadays there is a growing concern about the role that innovations have played in the field of learning. While most people think that innovations benefit learning process in various ways，different opinions arise that these technology advancements actually distract students from real learning. On balance，according to my personal observation，whether innovations can be beneficial or detrimental to real learning depends on the students and the teachers，not on these innovations themselves.
To begin with，technological innovations do help teaching and learning in various ways.With the aid of these technologies，the process of teaching and learning can be shorter and easier than before. For instance，if a student want certain published papers of an academic discipline，he/she may look through considerable catalogs to find the ones he/she needs. However，with the help of Internet innovation，at present most of these papers are published online. Consequently，to find certain paper the procedure is much easier and shorter， the students just type the key words and other information of the paper，and then the system will search the database，and the papers are there waiting for them. As this new approach can save a lot of time for the students，he/she could have more time reading the papers and absorbing the knowledge rather than checking and looking for the papers that could be a waste of his/her time. This example aptly illustrates how technology advancement benefited the students and their learning process.
Secondly，while innovations can help learning in various ways，it is more important that the central role of the pursuit for knowledge and wisdoms are maintained. What real matters is not the approach but the purpose of learning. In India，where modern technologies are less applied to the learning process than in the US and other developed countries，still a lot of distinguished students achieved their academic goal with their hard work and desires to knowledge. In the US，where the software engineering students are given the most advanced facilities and apparatus for their learning and research，however，it is wildly accepted that they are far less outstanding compared to the Indian students of software，who may share computers in groups. From this comparison we can see that the real and core push of learning is the desire for knowledge，not the help of innovations.
In addition，if not guided properly，the technology advancement might inhibit learning.In other words，innovation can distract the students from real learning than helping them. It is obvious that a computer can help students of science to calculate mathematical equations but can also be used for recreation such as net surfing or computer games. It is highly possible that these students can spend more time and energy on recreations rather than learning when using a computer. Thus，learning is inhibited. Under this circumstance，guidance and restrictions are needed to ensure the right use of innovations for learning，or the consequence may be on the contrary to the students and teachers' desire.
GRE作文
篇7：gre考试填空分数如何提升
gre考试填空分数如何提升
新GRE的第一部分需要阅读
这是理解题干内容的关键一步，但考生往往觉得要么必须彻底理解句子的意思才能做题，要么觉得不能阅读题干而盲目地做题。也就是说，要把句子的主语、谓语和宾语弄清楚，然后找出外部修饰语，如定语短语、定语从句、分词短语、状语从句和括号。阅读句子时可以跳过阅读方法,即仍然超出主要部分, 新gre填空技巧,gre填空题怎么复习但是对于双空间填空题,使用这种方法并不一定有效,甚至可以得到的思维方式,解决问题,因为双空间句子往往是在一个句子可以分为两个子句的逻辑关系,两个条款或已经提出之后,或作为一个转折点,或者有共同的影响,未来的吉百利(cadbury)推荐双空格考试的考生采用所有的阅读策略，具体取决于寻找逻辑关系的上下文。
新gre填空考试第二步需要分析逻辑关系
当我们顺利完成第一步，弄懂句子的主干结构和分隔成分以后，接下来开始对题干所隐含的逻辑关系进行分析，这是解题的依据所在，也是决定解题正确与否的关键环节。还是让我们对例句1从逻辑角度进行一下分析。本句中有一个词语：vanity(自负，虚荣)，a critic与he 同指一人，而第二个空格后面的内容work against him：对他自己产生不利的作用和影响， 显然vanity 和第二个空格之间可以建立一种同义联系，也就是既然这个批评家爱慕虚荣，那么他的行为和言语必然能够体现出这种虚荣心，所以只能选self-adulation：自吹自擂，正好符合句子的本意。
在实际考试中，第一步和第二步可以同时进行。当我们能够推断出句子中要填入的单词的积极或消极的颜色和要表达的意思的方向之后，我们就可以排除和定位选项。此外，在寻找逻辑关系时，他还建议，在阅读句子时，你应该主动识别句子的重复部分，参考结构和主题词等。
第三个gre考试问题需要解决
通过结构分析和简化句子的结构,你需要做的是确定基于前面的良好的逻辑关系来确定这个词的选择,如果句子包含的逻辑关系扭曲,之间的关系,基本上基于双空格应该填入词,我们可以看到应该填写一组单词, 新gre填空技巧,gre填空题怎么复习相反,如果根据意大利集团,我们通过分析句子的主要部分和主干之外的修饰成分,结果表明,逻辑关系的平行关系,那么我们可以看到应该填写这两个词是同义关系之间的关系,根据逻辑关系,当我们试图不给一个正确的选择,最后,还有一个策略,即规则的排斥,只要我们确定一个空白的词,另一个空白的词我们代入。
新GRE填空第四项需要检查
当我们完成填空时，最后一步是检查。通常，检查问题的优先策略之一是查看空白处的单词，看看句子在意思上是否连贯。如果句子不连贯，那么选择的词项是错误的，那么我们应该做第二次排除，直到句子流畅为止。
GRE高分考生的填空备考方法分享
每个GRE考生都有自己独特的经历，所有的GRE高分经验背后都是日日夜夜的默默付出与积累。备考的道路上充满了艰辛与坎坷，只有克服了阻碍才能获取理想的GRE分数。来自北京邮电大学的毛禛同学给大家分享他是如何应对GRE考试的，经历了两次GRE的他有什么独到的方法呢?
填空需要在明白单词意思的基础上，分析句子的结构，理解出题人想让我们在空白处填一个什么意思的单词，或者能够分析出是该填正态度还是负态度的单词。在新东方GRE基础班里面，我第一次接触到长难句分析，看到GRE三个空题有5段长的文字，如果不快速理解题目意思是很难拿分，甚至是很难做完的，第一次考GRE的时候没有经验，一点点的读题目，分析句子意思，结果做完前7道填空就花了15分钟，看到后面的长阅读整个人都不好了。长难句的老师讲了很多小技巧对我的帮助很大，比如说两个‘，’号之间如果没有空的话就可以跳过去，‘：’号之后基本上就是解释之前句子的意思，有空的话可以找对应，没空的话就可以跳过去了，这些小技巧大大缩短了读题时间，让我能够更充分的思考题目的逻辑。
只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。永远都不要否定自己，只要下定决心，付出努力，做出正确的选择，那就能收获属于自己的成功。
GRE填空题题型讲解系列
一.概述
GRE填空的解题原则就是根据逻辑关系对原文信息进行重复，包括同义重复和反义重复。举个简单例子来说：
例一：小王有个___________样的名声，因为他不能容忍文章里的任何小错误。
A. 坏的
B. 讨人厌的
C. 勤奋的
D. 敬业的
E. 吹毛求疵的
这个例子里的逻辑关系是因为所以这种因果关系，因果关系是同义重复关系，所以空格需要填入的是“因为”里面的内容，而不是根据我们对小王这个人的了解根据常识或者个人主观判断来填空。因为里面说他不能容易“任何”“小”错误，说明小王这个人对细节特别的苛求，所以选E选择，吹毛求疵的，一点小毛病都挑，同义重复。
再举一个反义重复的例子：
例二：虽然小王做过很多好事，但是大家认为他是__________人。
A.好
B.不好的
C.讨厌的
D.愤世嫉俗的
E.乐于助人的
这道题里面的逻辑词是“虽然”和“但是”，这种逻辑关系，前后取反，前面做过好事，后面应该是不是好人这种意思，所以选B。
二.GRE填空的做题步骤
1. 找到句子里面与空格相关的逻辑关系词
2. 找到空格重复原文的点
3. 根据逻辑关系词，判断是对所重复的原文的点取同义词还是反义词填进去
4. 已经对空格意思心中有数，再去对应选项，而不是开始就把选项代入空格，根据所谓的语感或者常识或者推论来填空格，这一点需要引起高度重视。
这一单元，我们重点讨论并列关系题型，逻辑词是and/also/as well as/even/Not only...but(also)/not just...but等词
1. Kagan maintains that an infant’s reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or_______signs of adolescent anxiety.
A) prophetic
B) normal
C) monotonous
D) virtual
E) Typical
解析：这是一类并列关系的题型，找与空格有关系的逻辑词为or，or连接的两个部分应该是同义重复关系。我们看一下句子，or连接的是harbinger和空格，所以，把harbinger的同义词填入空格。我们知道harbinger这个词是先兆或者先驱的意思，A选项为预兆的，所以选A。
2. Despite assorted effusions to the contrary, there is no necessary link between scientific skill and humanism, and, quite possibly, there may be something of a_______between them.
A) generality
B) fusion
C) congruity
D) dichotomy
E) Reciprocity
解析：这个词标志并列关系的逻辑词是and，连接的是no necessary link和空格，所以空格填入没有联系这种意思。D选项为矛盾的意思，因为句子里面有quite possibly，在语气上有个递进，所以没有联系递进之后，成为矛盾，逻辑合理。
3. The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors in mental illnesses, but posits that these factors may act as a catalyst on existing physiological conditions and ______ such illnesses.
A) disguise
B) impede
C) constrain
D) Precipitate
E) consummate
解析：本体标志并列关系的逻辑词是and，连接的是catalyst和空格，catalyst是催化剂的意思，催化剂起的作用是加速促进，所以选D选项，precipitate,就是加速促进的意思。此题如何考读懂意思，把前面一些专业词汇都揪出来是什么意思，可就大费周章了，并且对做题并没有任何作用。我们可以看出通过找逻辑关系做题的好处，这是做对GRE填空题目的必要条件。
篇8：GRE词汇量越大分数越高吗
GRE词汇量越大分数越高?最新词汇要求专家点评
在GRE考试中，虽然官方没有给出对单词的具体要求，但根据历年考试的总结来看，GRE词汇要求在18000个单词左右，其中核心大概在10000个左右。对于这个需求量来时，GRE词汇量确实不小，所以要考出好成绩先要掌握核心词汇，在看有没有时间进行扩展。
因此，对于想参加GRE考试的同学，要想拿下词汇这个难点，最有效的方法无非就是背诵了。但切忌当做一项负担来做，而应该把记忆单词当做一种乐趣，当做一种有意义的事情来做，只有这样才能在心里做到不排斥不抵触。也只有这样才能有效克服单词这个难关。
背单词要通过各种环境多背多看，学生可以从网上找各种各样的单词书，单词书是不存在权威与不权威之说，一种背烦了可以换另一本背，另外，在阅读过程中也可以背单词，这样记得可以牢固一些。
老师介绍，如果想考一个很高的分数，那新GRE词汇量自然是越大越好，优秀的GRE词汇书里面的单词是需要学生必须要记住的，如果这里面的单词有一半都不认识，那语文部分最多也就能拿155分了，如果想考到165这样特别高的成绩，那还需要把词汇书里面的词汇差不多记住90%，这样才能将考试中遇到生词的可能性降到最低。
不要被GRE词汇量所吓到，虽然背诵单词相较于其他方面稍显枯燥，但是只要有恒心，坚持背下来，便会发现，这是一个非常不错的基础，对于以后考试活着是留学生涯都是非常有益处的事情。攻克新GRE考试，解决新GRE词汇，掌握到一定的GRE要求词汇量即可。
新GRE词汇记忆两大要点解读 制定计划和记忆方法结合提升词汇量
认识到GRE词汇对GRE考试的重要性
熟练掌握GRE词汇是GRE考试成功的一半!要攻破GRE词汇这个堡垒，毅力两字是根本，记忆GRE词汇从来没有输在智力上的，只有输在毅力上的!在背词汇期间绝对要心静如水，要善于给自己打气，善于调节自己的情绪，心中只有一念：这段时间内我的任务就是记住这7000个单词!记住：从背词汇开始，考生之间就已经拉开了档次。
有计划的复习单词
背词汇“时间越长记得越牢”的想法在GRE考试中行不通，时间不允许是一个方面，效果也不见得好。GRE词汇必须要在两个月内过关。在这两个月的时间内，熟练掌握的词汇至少要达到80%以上，不熟的词汇可以通过反复做真题来弥补。这就需要做好周密的计划，精确到每天的工作量，每天记忆词汇的下限是200个，学有余力者可根据自己的实际情况适当增加。一定要按时完成，完不成绝不罢休。
当然，这个要求需要你有计划地复习，在这一阶段，你就应该寻找最适合自己的助记方法。一般来说，词汇储备在个词左右时，一星期至少要抽出一天半的时间来复习;词汇储备在4000个词左右时，一星期至少要抽出两天半的时间来复习;当词汇储备达到6000以上时，一星期至少要抽出三天的时间来复习。这里并不是说拿出一整天的时间来复习，而是累计时间。
新GRE词汇背诵计划和方法结合
备考GRE词汇时，方法几乎和计划同样重要，只有好的计划和好的方法相配合，才可能有事半功倍的效果。
将心情放松，把GRE词汇看成是提高能力，磨练水平的一个方法，来取得更好的GRE成绩。GRE词汇背诵重点中，要学会更加进行思考的背诵新GRE词汇，掌握到更好的方法，这样才能记住更多的词汇而且不容易忘记。
GRE考试词汇重在坚持
在GRE考试中我们需要了解的一点GRE词汇是极其重要的，下面小编就GRE考试词汇的相关信息和大家做一个全面的解读，小编遗忘大家通过相关内容的了解能够更好的帮助我们解决GRE考试词汇的相关信息，并祝愿大家在GRE考试中取得一个不错的成绩。
GRE考试单词复习是最基本的内容。我们一直倡导的是将背单词坚持到进入考场最后一分钟。其间是一天都不能放下单词书。不是说每天要花大量的时间背单词，而是关键要有一个持续性。没有持续性以前背的就是前功尽弃。
所以GRE考试复习第一个问题就是背单词的问题。我的经验就是，当天背的单词，至少到了第二天背新的单词之前一定要复习有的同学为了求以最快速度过一遍红宝，经常不复习，背完一遍发现自己什么都没记住，这是白费。
一般来说，GRE考试单词复习第二天背单词之前，复习前一天的单词，把单词的解释遮住，然后回想该单词的第一个意思，把回想不起来的做记号。今天的新内容背完以后继续复习。第三天就只用复习做了记号的单词，直到该单元没有记号为止。
GRE常见正反对比词汇之支持与反对
支持类词汇
enthusiasm 积极，热心，支持
sustain 支持
support 支持
accepted 公认的
encourage 鼓励
defend 支持，辩护
establishment 确定
follower 支持者
loyal 忠诚的
upheld 信仰
publicize 宣扬
endorse 支持
friend 赞助人
patronage 资助
反对类词汇
grudging 不愿意
obstacle 阻碍
resistance 反对
rebellion 反抗
antagonism 对抗
defiance 对抗
opposition 反对
forestall 阻止
oppose 反对
struggle against 反对
exception to 反对
confrontational 对抗性的
antagonize 敌对的
contrary 相反的
discredit 否定的
reject 反对
contradict 反驳
GRE词汇精选【词汇+例句】
1.amplify /‘?mpl?fa?/ vt. 放大, 扩大，增强
【解词】源自 ample adj. 丰富的;足够的;宽敞的。
【例句】A manufacturer can amplify the demand of a product by advertising widely. 厂商能用大做广告的方法来扩大人们对产品的需求。
2.irritate /‘?r?tet/ vt. 激怒;刺激，使兴奋
【解词】ir-=使动，rit-=摩擦。使摩擦，引申为“刺激，使兴奋”。
【例句】The smoke irritated my eyes. 烟熏得我的眼睛怪难受的。
3.assault /?’s?lt/ v./n. 攻击;袭击
【解词】ass-，a+两个福音字母表示强调;sault-=sult-=leap，跳跃，强调跳上去，引申为“攻击，袭击”。
【例句】He was guilty of assault and battery. 他犯了殴打罪。
4.extraneous /?k’stren??s/ adj. 外部的,外来的;无关的
【解词】源自extra，额外的，外面的。
【例句】His account of the fire accident includes a lot of extraneous details. 他对失火事件的描述含有大量离题的细节。
5.hypocritical /?h?p?’kr?t?kl/ adj. 伪善的,虚伪的;伪善者的,伪君子的
【解词】hypo-=under;在……下面;critical 批评的，评论的;“在背后评论、批评别人”，引申为“伪善的，伪君子的”。
【例句】It’s hypocritical to say one thing and do another. 言行不符就是伪善。
6.denounce /d?’na?ns/ vt. 谴责;告发;公然抨击;通告废除
【解词】de-=向下，否定;nounc-=声音，发出不好的声音，引申为“谴责，抨击”。
【例句】He was widely denounced as a traitor. 他被公众谴责为叛国者。
7.hinder /‘h?nd?/ vt. & vi. 阻碍; 妨碍
【解词】词根hind-=后面的。使处于后面，引申为“阻碍，妨碍”。
【例句】I was hindered from getting here earlier. 我因受阻未能早些到达这里。
8.intrigue /‘?n'triɡ/ vi. 搞阴谋诡计 vt. 激起…的好奇心
【解词】in-=en-=使动;trig-=tric-=诡计(如trick)，因此intrigue表示“搞阴谋诡计”。
【例句】Your story intrigues me. 你的故事引起我极大兴趣。
9.impair /?m’p?r/ vt. 削弱;损害;减少
【解词】im-=en-=使动，pair-=pejor-=worse(如pejorative adj. 轻蔑的,贬损的)，因此impair表示“使变得更坏”，引申为“削弱，损害”。
【例句】Tiredness can seriously impair your ability to drive. 疲劳会大大影响你的驾驶能力。
10.immerse /?’m?s/ vt. 沉浸;使陷入
【解词】im-=in;mers-=merg-=sink,沉;“沉进去”，即“沉浸，使陷入”。
【例句】He immersed himself totally in his work. 他埋头于工作中。
篇9：GRE分数不理想怎么办
GRE分数不理想怎么办
1. 用GPA成绩来补足
一般来说，在出国留学提交申请时，考生的GRE成绩和平均学分绩点GPA(Grade Point Average)会被统一看成academic index也就是学术指数，通称AI。每一位申请者的AI都是申请表格中比较重要的组成部分。AI方面的数据自然是越高越好，而如果你的GRE成绩不理想，那么一份足够优秀的GPA成绩可能会为你弥补这个缺点。所以如果你的GRE分数比较低，自己又没有时间或者不想再刷分，那么尽可能提升一下GPA会是个很好的方法，具体如何提升大家可以在课程选择、课堂活动和些额外学术研究等方面想办法。总而言之，如果考生能够用足够好的GPA来冲淡GRE低分带来的负面评价，那么就不会给申请带来影响。
2. 参加专业能力考试
和上面这个方式比较相似，GRE成绩一定程度上代表了考生的学术能力，如果考生担心GRE分数太低会影响自己在专业能力方面受到的评价，那么通过参加专业能力考试的方式来证明自己的学术能力就是很好的补偿手段了。比如GRE考试本身有一个专业则是GRE subject test。这个考试包含了8大专业分类，其成绩对于证明考生的学术能力和专业能力是很有帮助的。大家如果GRE分数不佳，但有一份专业对口且比较理想的GRE sbject test分数，那么在申请中就不用太担心GRE低分了。
3. 强有力的推荐信
推荐信也是留学申请中不可或缺的重要环节，申请者给出的推荐信如果是来自业内比较知名学术水平受到广泛认可的教授或者专业人士，那么其说服力也是相当高的。特别是推荐信内容中如果有明确对你的学术能力给予肯定，那么一份不太理想的GRE分数对申请学校专业来说其实也并非不可接受。当然，想要获得此类推荐信还是比较有难度的，所以这个方法的适用面可能不是很广，但无论如此也是个比较有效的抹平GRE低分影响的方法，所以大家可以结合自身实际情况决定是否使用。
4. 通过课外活动来证明能力
这个方法是从考生的Extracurricular也就是课外活动部分来弥补GRE低分缺点的。一般来说比较能够得到学校认可，可以证明自身学术能力的课外活动有参加各类专业对口的国际竞赛、参与一些专业的项目研究、学术俱乐部或是到权威学术机构进行过实习。这些活动经历都可以一定程度上体现考生的学术能力，也是不错的申请加分项。
5. GRE成绩拆分申请
最后这种方法是在GRE分数本身做文章。GRE考试成绩可以用来申请的学校专业很广，分数适用性比较高。而不同的学校专业对于GRE成绩的具体要求其实也是有比较明显的差异的，许多学校更关注的不是GRE总分而是语文、数学甚至作文的单科成绩。因此考生完全可以扬长避短，在单科成绩上面做做文章。比如，你申请的是文学类(liberal arts)类专业，而GRE分数中也是语文成绩更好，那么你完全可以把GRE语文VERBAL部分的分数更加凸显出来，学校对于你GRE数学分数略低其实并不会太过在意;而如果考生申请的是STEM，也就是科学(Science)，技术(Technology)，工程(Engineering)，数学(Mathematics)等专业，那么突出一下自己的GRE数学QUANT分数其实也能让偏低的语文VERBAL分数变得不那么要紧。总而言之，根据不同学校的具体要求和专业偏向性，大家也可以顺利避开GRE分数偏低这个影响申请的不利因素。
通过以上方法，小编相信大家即使GRE分数不算太高甚至略低于学校要求的平均分数线，想要成功通过申请拿到OFFER也并非不可能。当然，这些方法都是为GRE分数低又没有时间精力刷分的同学准备的应急手段，绝不是常规操作。大家如果想让申请变得更加顺利，那么认真备考提升GRE分数才是更为稳妥的做法。
GRE阅读：文章中词汇的考察形式
首先，新GRE阅读中出现了词汇题，即直接问你某个单词是什么意思
我们在看一道样题中公布的阅读题对于词汇是如何考查的：
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following reading passage.
Scholarship on political newspapers and their editors is dominated by the view that as the United States grew, the increasing influence of the press led, ultimately, to the neutral reporting from which we benefit today. Pasley considers this view oversimplified, because neutrality was not a goal of early national newspaper editing, even when editors disingenuously stated that they aimed to tell all sides of a story. Rather, the intensely partisan ideolies represented in newspapers of the early republic led to a clear demarcation between traditional and republican values. The editors responsible for the papers' content ―especially those with republican agendas ―began to see themselves as central figures in the development of political consciousness in the United States.
10. In the context in which it appears, ”disingenuously“ most nearly means
A. insincerely
B. guilelessly
C. obliquely
D. resolutely
E. pertinaciously
如果当年，我们总结的天真纯朴类的单词把握的比较好，如下：
天真纯朴的
ingenuous=guileless=naive=simple=artless=unsophisticated
那么这道题，对于我们的同学来说就完全是送分题，对于GRE阅读能力整体偏弱的中国学生来说，这样的题目必须拿下。而拿下这些题目的最好手段，无疑就是按照我们在老GRE词汇班同样的强度来把握词汇。
更为重要的是，从新老GRE的官方备考指导来看，GRE阅读考察共有13项能力，首当其冲的就是“understanding the meaning of individual words.” 显然，词汇量，是阅读理解的基础。经过研究新GRE的官方备考指导中的阅读文章可以得出结论，新GRE阅读中的词汇难度有了明显的上升，这种上升是由于老GRE中的类反单词进入文章和题目引起的。以下例子中可以反映出该结论。
在新GRE的备考指导阅读中，有一篇2句话的文章。
“a person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.”
若熟悉老GRE类反，马上可以联想到这些题：
类比：intercessor: mediate= translator: interpret
consensus: factionalism=expedition:foot-dragging
反义：faction unity
factional ecumenical
factious cooperative
debunk perpetuate to sham
sham genuine
同时我们注意到，下划线的词汇在阅读黄皮书中没有出现过。
另外有一篇文章
“Was Felix Mendelssohn(1809-1847) a great composer? On its face, the question seems absurd. One of the most gifted prodigies in the history of music, he produced his first masterpiece at sixteen. From then on, he was recnized as an artist of preternatural abilities, not only as a composer but also as a pianist and conductor. But Mendelssohn’s enduring popularity has often been at odds—sometimes quite sharply—with his critical standing. Despite general acknowledgement of his genius, there has been a noticeable reluctance to rank him with, say, Schumann or Brahms. As Haggin put it, Mendelssohn, as a composer, was a “minor master…working on a small scale of emotion and texture.”
同样，老GRE中考到下划加粗词汇的类比反义题：
类比：prodigy: person= miracle: occurrence
反义：preternatural ordinary/prosaic
GRE阅读文章：主体结构
1. 结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)
首先是“结论-解释型”文章。这类文章在开始有一个判断句，一般是文章的结论，也是文章的主题。这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。例如，
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…
文章首句指出：“由于‘地震反射法’(sr)在勾划地球的地下层面这方面的准确性，该方法一直是探寻石油储备的最重要的工具。”这是一个判断句，为结论。其中remains为系动词，而most important为态度词，表示作者对“地震反射法”持非常正面的评价。后文应解释“地震反射法”的具体过程。 第二句话对解释进行总的说明：“在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成一个网格模式，从而将地下层面标绘出来。”接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。
2. 新老观点对比型
GRE阅读文章的第二种常见结构是“新老观点对比型”。 这类文章在开始提出老观点，然后提出新观点并进行论述。通常新观点是文章的主题。老观点出现的标志词有：
1. 传统观点： has been, traditionally, until recently等
2. 大众观点：frequently, widely, many等
新观点出现的标志词有：however, recently, now等。
例如，
Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…
文章首句指出：“传统上，风媒授粉过程一直被视为是一个以随机事件为标志的繁殖过程，其中风的不确定性通过产生大量花粉而得以补偿，因此，新种子的最终繁殖得以保证，而此举的代价是所需产生的花粉要远远超过实际的使用量。”由第一个词traditionally可知文章首句为老观点(由于风的不确定性，风媒植物要产生大量花粉补偿)，那么本文的结构是“新老观点对比型”。
第二段首句出现了GRE阅读中的标志性转折词however，说明这句话就是新观点：“但是，风媒植物所独有的一系列特征可减少花粉浪费。”这说明风媒植物除了可以产生大量花粉加以补偿的消极策略之外，还可以通过一些积极机制减少花粉损失，不一定需要产生大量花粉。
3. 现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型)
GRE阅读文章的第三种常见结构是“现象解释型”。文章开始提出一个现象，然后解释现象。解释是主题。有多个解释时，作者一般对前面的解释持负面评价，对最后的解释持正面评价。提出现象时的标志词有：phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如，
What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral (”right-handed,“or clockwise) twist or a sinistral (”left-handed," or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?
It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…
But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant…
Here, the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness…Thus, the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself。
是什么样的原因致使自然界中的螺旋体呈现出右旋(“右向旋转的”，或顺时针的)或左旋(“左向旋转的，”或反时针的)?这是形态科学中一个最引人入胜的不解之谜....。。究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??
假如左旋和右旋蜗牛呈完全一致的镜像对称的话，那么进化对左旋蜗牛不利，这近乎不太可能。几乎无法想象左旋本身会给左旋者带来任何不利之处。然而，左旋与右旋蜗牛彼此间实际上并不呈真正的镜像对称....
但是，这种结合不对称、解剖学和偶然性的进化论机制并未提供一种充分的解释，以说明蜗牛的右旋何以会成为主要的旋向....
于是，进化论必须让位于支持右旋或左旋的明确的发育机制为基础的理论....。。因此，解决所有蜗牛身上旋向之谜的道路似乎与这一螺旋体本身一样曲折复杂。
上文在第一段最后提出一个问题：“究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向，并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??”这个问题就是一个现象：螺旋体中左旋的比例少。有问题就有解答，有现象就有解释。第二段从进化论的角度解释这一现象。但是，GRE阅读文章中一般对进化论的解释持负面评价，所以需要寻找新的解释。第三段否定了进化论的解释。在末段，作者以发育机制(developmental mechanism)解释“为何左旋少、右旋多”。
把握了文章的三种主体结构以后，做文章后的许多题时易如反掌。以上述的“结论——解释型”文章为例，如果熟悉文章的主体结构，下面两道题就很容易找到正确答案。
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing an important technique
(B) discussing a new method
(C) investigating a controversial procedure
(D) announcing a significant discovery
(E) promoting a novel application
正确答案对应文章首句的主题句。因此(A)为正确答案。
2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A method is criticized, and an alternative is suggested
(B) An illustration is examined, and some errors are exposed
(C) An assertion is made, and a procedure is outlined
(D) A series of examples is presented, and a conclusion is drawn
(E) A hypothesis is advanced, and supporting evidence is supplied
本文的结构是“结论—解释型”，因此(C)为正确答案。
