“白企鹅”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇托福写作要分段吗?托福独立写作的分段方法，以下是小编整理后的托福写作要分段吗?托福独立写作的分段方法，欢迎阅读分享，希望对大家有帮助。
篇1：托福写作要分段吗?托福独立写作的分段方法
托福写作要分段吗?托福独立写作的分段方法
1.如何写开头段
我们知道，托福独立写作是典型的议论文，一般开头段是文章的背景段，介绍题目中的问题是在什么样的环境下发生并且表明自己的观点。所以我们可以按照下列步骤完成背景段：
第一步：展开话题中的关键词，结合关键词介绍背景;
第二步：给出他人对这一问题的看法;
第三步：根据题目，给出自己对这一问题的观点;
第四步：给出一个承上启下的过渡句。
作文题目：Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals like members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
开头段示例：(介绍背景)当今社会，很多人会把宠物看成家庭中的成员。它们生病时会照料它们，它们身体好时会陪它们玩耍。(他人观点)对于这种关系，人们持有不同的观点，有些人认为人与宠物之间应该有界限，过于亲密的关系对人类有害。(个人观点)但我认为人们和宠物之间建立这样的亲密关系是件好事。(过渡句)下面我会给出自己的理由和论据。
2.如何写中间段
议论文的中间段是支持观点的主要内容。一般我们会先想出支持论点的两到三个理由，然后每一个理由用一个段落来展开。中间段一般有两到三个理由段，其中每一个理由段都需要有相应的例子或者细节，并且还要有清晰的论证过程，用来说明自己的观点。
理由段示例：
观点：我认为人们和宠物关系亲密是件好事。
理由：养宠物有助于主人的身心健康。
理由段：我认为人们和宠物关系亲密是件好事，主要是因为养宠物有助于主人的身心健康。(展开细节)我们都知道，人类一直被各种疾病所困扰，而美国一项对饲养宠物与健康关系的研究发现，饲养宠物的心脏病患者在离开医院后一年内存活机率要高出不饲养宠物的病人。在饲养宠物的病人中仅有 6% 的人在一年内去世，而不饲养宠物的病人中去世者占28%……因此我认为养宠物有助于主人的身心健康，人们跟宠物关系亲密是件好事。
3.如何写让步段
这里的让步段其实是让步转折段。在这一段里，需要先指出反方的观点和主要理由，然后进行反驳。目的是让文章更具有客观性，同时从侧面再一次强调自己观点的合理性。可以按照
按照下列步骤完成让步段：
第一步：给出反方的观点和理由;
第二步：给出坚持自己看法的理由;
第三步：重申自己的观点。
让步段示例：
(反方观点和理由)当然，有人可能认为人和动物有很大区别，宠物再好也没必要把宠物当家人来看待。(给出坚持自己看法的理由)但是，宠物给我们带来健康和幸福，为什么我们就不能对它们多一些爱心呢?(重申自己的观点)跟宠物亲如家人对宠物和主人来说不是什么坏事。
4.如何写总阶段
在议论文中，总结段是对全文主要内容的概括。总结段可包含两部分内容：
1. 对观点的重申
2. 对理由的总结。
总结段示例：
(理由的总结)跟宠物在一起人们可以获得欢乐，身心都会得到放松，照顾宠物也有利于保持有规律的生活节奏。(观点的重申)人们很自然就会对宠物好，这种亲密的关系是正常而且有益的，人们和宠物亲如家人是件好事。
托福写作的三点建议
建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组
1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建议二： 避免重复
1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构
选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。以下推荐几种考生们在考虑选择何种语法结构时可以参考的原则：
1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.
The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：
My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：
There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更简洁的句式为：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：
Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
简介的表达方式为：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：
In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.
本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：
In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：
My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：
My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.
6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：
Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
托福写作过渡词的分类整理
1、表示时间的
af first 起初
after a while 一会儿
after that 那以后
after that 那以后
after/before dark 天黑后/前
afterward 后来
as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候
as early as 早……的时候
as soon as 一……就……
at last 终于
at the age of… 在……岁的时候
before, the other day 几天前
earlier, until now 直到现在
early in the morning 大清早
eventually 最终
finally 最后
immediately 立即、马上
in no time 不一会儿
in the end 最后
lately近来
later 后来
meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时
next 接下来
one afternoon 一天下午
one day 有一天
one morning 一天早晨
recently 最近
since then 自从那时起
soon 不久
Soon/shortly after ……之后不久
suddenly=all of a sudden 突然
then 然后
to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点
2、表示空间的
above 在上方
across 在……的另一边
against 靠着、抵着
around 在周围
at the back of 在后面
at the bottom of 在底部
before 在前
behind 在后
below 在下方
close to 靠近
further on 再往前
in front of 在前面
in the front of 在前面
in the middle of 在中间
near to 在……附近
next to 与……相邻
on the edge of 在……的边上
on the right/left 在右/左边
on top of 在……的顶部
opposite to 与……相对
over 垂直在上
to the right/left 朝右/左
under 垂直在下
托福写作如何搭建结构
首先由明线入手的思路可以不太讲究结构，这点的评论请看后文;然而由暗线着手的议论却必须注意结构，因为暗线采用的是和题目本身关系不大的视角，写得好是一气呵成发人深省，写得不慎重就会失之毫厘，谬之千里，走题走到天边去。
接上文，仍以题目做示范。笔者第二次拟提纲，以理暗渡，就不能像第一次一样只写论点，而得把首段，论点，甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并写出，才能避免下笔时走题。
首段：民以食为天，食物在人类生活中的重要性不可言喻，就连食物的准备方式也可能极大影响人类文化，进而影响个人生活质量(引入社会心理学，设置暗线，为全文奠定基调)以现代生活实况分析，食品速食化导致人类生活质量下降的趋向比较明显。
第一论证段：(身体健康层面)饮食文化改变，传统有益健康而消耗时间的料理方式被摈弃，垃圾食品大行其市，天人合一，顺应生理规律的文化被断绝。(注：这里因为不是从营养，而是从生物规律论述对身体的影响，所以前文所论的paradox此处可不考虑)
第二论证段：从速食流行原因论证人类行为文化改变， 高节奏的高压生活必然促使身体早衰(身体与心理健康两个层面综合)
第三论证段：(心理健康层面)行为高速化也会导致对情感的无法顾及甚至冷漠，人类情感文化变化，并且朝不利方向。
结尾(这在提纲里其实可有可无，提纲毕竟只是具体化的思路，并不是成文。依照文章具体的论证手法，内容，结尾可以个有千秋，只要把握住一条，符合全文主旨，就可以了，提纲里就算写了，很多时候也是无用功)
用题目分析到这里，文章连雏形都已经出来了，可是究竟什么是结构呢?
回到“文章是被记录下来的表达”这个原则。结构既然是写作的必须注意事项，就必然帮助表达。对于一篇议论，作者必须大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的观点，这其中牵扯着概念的重要性顺序-----用来证明全文立场的概念是论点，是最重要的概念;用来证明论点的概念是佐证，是次等重要的概念。所谓结构，最基本的用途是将文章所有用入的概念分段，一个论点与它的所有佐证为一段，不能佐证证明的是第二论点，却在第一论点的段落。-------这就是所谓的unity.
结构的第二用途仍然是帮助表达，从逻辑思路方面。好的议论能抓住人心，令人信服，首先必须让人能看懂作者的思路，让你说明在学习场所安装电视有无弊端，你却一会说电视节目的差异，一会说学生的素质如何，读者不知所云，自然不会被你说服。每个段落和论题的联系。作者本人知道并没有用，必须表现出来。说完节目差异加一句“不同节目对学生的利弊不同，不可一概而论”，讲过学生素质补充“素质差的学生群体使学习场所吵杂，安不安电视影响都不大”，将论点间，论点和论题间紧密结合起来，保证文章思路流畅，明白易懂，就是结构中过渡句的功效，使得行文达到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具体把结构落实在IBT独立作文上，就是两点。
1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点，废话不要讲。论证一段一个论点，不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句，其它所有句子都为论证这个点，废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性，映证首段观点，废话不要讲……
2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论点和论题间的关系，而证明论点间的关系，要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的过渡不是为自己的文章过渡，而是帮读者的思维过渡，引领他们走进新的思维，所以必须确认过渡的方向，你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。
从这两点观测，笔者在前文提到的明线(支持论题)贯穿的思路在拟提纲时不需要注意结构，就好解释了。因为明线的论点注定不会跑题，不用太在意过渡问题，只要分段恰当就可以了，而这点，下笔时留神就足够了。
托福写作要分段吗?托福独立写作的分段方法
篇2：托福独立写作如何进行分段论述
托福独立写作如何进行分段论述?议论文格式要求不可不知
托福独立写作段落要求介绍
在应试型议论文写作中，通常遵循引言段-主体段-结论段的“三步曲”。主题段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，占分最大。一篇满分作文必须论据充分。
1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written， revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.
(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)
2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.
(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)
托福独立写作如何进行分段?
新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications， and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。
托福写作解析：Money and success
托福写作练习题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
写作思路分析：
不能同意。Only是绝对修饰词。
确实，往往成功的一个表象是金钱的多少。
钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准。黑社会分子(members of criminal syndicate)、一些黑心的商人(evil-minded businessman)。
有些职业收入远不如其他行业，比如，我国的教师，护士。
成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献：甘地(Gandhi)就身无分文(without a cash in his pocket);特蕾莎修女( Nurse Theresa )也是好例子。
不同意挣了很多钱的人是成功的
(1)钱不代表一切。很多人非常富有，但是是因为他们的成就，人们才认为他成功/
(2)有些人非常贫穷，如有些科学家，但是他们作出了巨大的成就，被认为所纪念，他们虽然没有钱，也一样成功的
(3)有些人虽然挣了很多钱，但是都是非法的，所以他们并不成功。
参考范文：
Money and success
Since people's criteria for success differ, there is much debate over whether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I am concerned, in today's society that stresses on individual achievement, money provides the best evaluation of one's accomplishment.
To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one's achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one's earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one's success. Each year, Fortune Magazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful people throughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are no other methods to rely on.
In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one's hard work and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny the sources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual values and then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves no money at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changed my opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for in his way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms of time, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental and physical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way for selfaccomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.
Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one's lifetime. As everyone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to be satisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without a certain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her material demand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificent houses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do a lot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people. All these will not only satisfy one's need for personal fulfillment, but also add grandness to one's success.
In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one's achievement. But we should keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use it to benefit the society are really successful.
托福写作解析：Member vs leader
一、托福写作练习题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
二、写作思路分析
讨论做leader的好处：主动，可以操纵更多的资源，获得更多;缺点：风险大
讨论做member的好处：安逸;没有风险;缺点：收获较小
做leader和member一定程度上与一个人的性格有关。
另外，还要看是做什么的group。视情况而定。
不同意，应当成为团队的领袖
(1)当领袖有责任感，领袖总是要做最多的工作，这激励着自己能把事情作好。
(2)锻炼自己的团队合作能力。
(3)能够学到更多的知识。
三、参考范文
Member vs. leader
According to my opinion, it is always better to be a leader than a follower. True leader show initiative. They take actions and they assume responsibilities. A leader makes a decision. Some followers may approve of the decision, others may complain about it. However, these followers all chose to follow, not to lead. They chose not to make a decision. That's how I am different. I am not a follower. I want to make decisions.
A good leader will not react to events, but will anticipate them. A leader will start a plan of action and then will persuade others to follow. For example, a class president at a local college may feel that the relationship between the community and the campus is not a good one. The citizens may feel that the college kids make too much noise on the street, litter public areas, and shop in other communities. A good class president will recognize that the community and the campus depend on one another. The president will ask the student body to keep noise down, help clean up the neighborhood, and work with businesses to attract students. A good leader takes the initiative.
Good leaders must be action-oriented. Having taken the initiative, they must see the job though. They have to take charge and lead the followers. They have to motivate and encourage the followers. The followers (in this example, the student body) must understand why good relations with the community are necessary. The followers must be persuaded to do something about it.
I enjoy taking the initiative, determining the direction, and being responsible for my actions. I do not want to suffer through other people's stupid decisions. If there are going to be stupid ways to do something, let them be mine. Would not you agree?
托福写作解析：Hand vs machine
托福写作练习题目：
Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or by machine. Which do you prefer — items made by hand or items made by machine? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.
写作思路分析：
这道题选择比较自由，无论选哪一种都行，只要列出几个好的理由。(注意，家具也有很多种，根据不同的种类，也可以有不同的偏好)
手工：可以按照特定要求制作，有特色;成本高;
机械：一般批量生产，所以相对缺乏特色;成本低
喜欢用机器做的东西
(1)机器做的东西比较便宜
(2)机器做的东西比较耐久(DURABLE，LASTING)。
(3)机器做的东西更加好看。
参考范文：
Hand vs. machine
From my point of view, there are many factors affecting whether to choose an item made by hand or by machine. The main factor to make a judgment is whether we use the item for our daily life or for collection and decoration purposes.
For items used in our daily life, the choices we make depend on the following factors: function, form, and price. Function is the most important thing for us. If a product is beautiful, but it is not able to perform the function, it can only be called a decoration, or a piece of garbage. For example, when we buy a TV, what we really care about first it is the quality of the picture and sound, how many stations it can receive, and whether it can be connected easily to the VCR and DVD player at home. The second factor that affects our choice of a product for daily use is its form. Is the TV too big, too small, or too ugly? Will it fit into the living room? Will it be compatible with the colors of other appliances and the furniture? The third factor we may consider is the price. Even if we are very happy with the item, there is no meaning if we cannot afford it.
So, in our daily life, there is really no difference whether our clothes or furniture are made by hand or made by machine. It just doesn't matter as long as they can perform their function. For items for collection and decoration, it is a completely different story. Ancient tools and historical artifacts have more market and educational value than modern day massively produced products, and traditional handicrafts make good tourist souvenirs and beautiful decoration for the house. Therefore, when it comes to items for collection and decoration, I would definitely choose items made by hand, because they are just so special.
In conclusion, depending on different items and different uses, I will make different choices.
篇3：托福写作如何告别低分段
托福写作如何告别低分段?打好基础避免中式翻译
打好基础写作才有可能高分
在托福独立写作中，并没有相关的阅读和听力内容可以帮助考生组织自己的语言，考生在答题的时候能凭借的仅仅是自己的英语基本功。在考试中，很多考生因为对于词汇和语法不熟悉，所以不能恰当的使用词汇来表达自己的观点，文章中的句子和句子之间逻辑的关系混乱。
建议：考生在备考托福写作的过程中，首先要重视托福词汇的备考，对于基础比较薄弱的考生来说，要从四级词汇开始背起，然后逐步过渡到六级词汇和托福词汇的备考。建议考生在备考词汇的时候要制定一些背词汇的计划表，有步骤的去背诵。其次，考生要重视语法的积累，要重点掌握被动语态，强调句型，非谓语动词，从句的使用方法。
中式翻译阅卷人看不懂
英语毕竟不是我们的母语，很多考生在学习英语的时候习惯性的用中式思维来表达自己的观点，比如很多考生用eight hang来表达八卦的意思。但是判卷的考官并不是中国人，考官并不明白考生真正想要表达的意思是什么，考生在托福写作考试中，很容易因为这样而出现低分的现象。
建议：针对有这种情况的考生，如果想要改变这种现状，就一定要多听多看。建议考生通过一些经典的美剧比如《生活大爆炸》，《老友记》，或者是一些经典的美国大片比如《阿凡达》，《风月俏佳人》等等来增强对于英语中语境的熟悉程度，提升语感。
套用模板文章生硬
很多考生在写托福写作的时候会背诵模板，在考试的时候，不管遇到了什么题目都生搬硬套的使用模板，这样在考官判卷的时候，很多作文框架千篇 一律，如出一辙，极大的降低了考生的分数。
托福写作的基本功提升主要是提升词汇和语法基础，而避开中式翻译需要我们多学习地道表达，模板化的写作虽然方便但也是导致低分的一大因素，一定要不要生硬套用模板。
托福写作高分：A New Movie Theater
It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
A New Movie Theater
Entertainment is an important part of everyone’s life. We all need to take time to relax insgroupsto live healthy lives and do our work efficiently. It is easier to relax when an appropriate form of entertainment is convenient and close by. Therefore, I would support a proposal to build a new movie theater in my neighborhood.
Entertainment places can bring some disadvantages to a community such as increased traffic and noise, but I believe the advantages of a new movie theater would outweigh these concerns. For one thing, the people in my neighborhood would save time. When they wanted to see a movie they could simply walk to the new theater rather than spend time traveling by bus or car. In addition, it would be safer for children to visit a nearby movie theater rather than one in some other part of the city. And finally, a new theater might attract other businesses, such as restaurants and coffee shops, where the people of my neighborhood could go to relax.
In short, a new movie theater in the neighborhood would increase the number of entertainment options for the residents. They could enjoy themselves more easily without spending a lot of time traveling to another part of the city. For these reasons I would support the building of a movie theater in my neighborhood.
译文：一家新电影院
娱乐是每个人生活中一个重要的组成部分。我们全都需要时间放松才能过健康的生活并有效率地工作。在住家附近有合适而且方便的娱乐设施能使我们更容易放松心情。因此，我赞成在住家附近兴建一家新电影院的提议。
娱乐场所会为社区带来一些缺点，比如增加交通流量及噪音，但是我认为新电影院的优点多于缺点。首先，它可以节省附近居民的时间。当他们想看电影时，他们只要走路到电影院，而不需要花时间坐公共汽车或开车去。此外，对小孩子而言，到附近的电影院比到市区其他地方的电影院安全许多。最后，一家新的影院可能会吸引其他商家前来，比如餐厅及咖啡厅，附近居民可以到这些地方轻松一下。
简言之，住家附近兴建新的电影院可以增加居民娱乐上的选择。居民可以更容易得到娱乐，而不用花很多时间前往其他地方。基于这些理由，我赞成在我的住家附近兴建电影院。
托福高分写作：experience and knowledge
Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice?
As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative.
Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.
Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other.
Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.
篇4：托福独立写作高分段评分标准解读
5分标准：
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
Effectively addresses the topic and task
Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplification, and/or details
Displays unity, progression, and coherence
Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors
4分标准：
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
Effectively addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
Is well generally organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplification, and/or details
Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression or unclear connections
Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and range of vocabulary, though it may have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning.
3分标准：
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
Addresses the topic and task well using somewhat developed explanations, exemplification, and/or details
Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connections of ideas may be occasionally obscured
May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning.
May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
篇5：托福独立写作高分段评分标准解读
看了上面的评分标准，不难发现针对托福独立写作，主要就是依据四个标准进行打分：
1. 切题
一般来说，独立写作完全跑题的情况很少，但是在审题时，有些同学们可能会不完整地理解题干问题，忽略了关键的定义，解释，或者逻辑关系。面对多样的独立写作出题，同学们一定要把握核心的审题视角，从“建议行为类”“现象事实”2类经典题型出发，发散式地把握“绝对类”“对比类”“逻辑关系类”等题型的立论方法;另一方面，很多考生在论证展开时所采用的论据，比较容易出现跟主题关联性不大的情况，即局部答非所问的现象，从而影响了得分。
2. 结构
这一点的关键在于文章论证的展开，是否提供了大量的细节和例子来支持观点，而非泛泛而谈地说理。那么，如何开展论证呢?小站君在这里给同学们一些经典的方法：
例证法：选用一些“经历”“事实”进行合理地分析展开。
细节分析法：“例子不够，细节来凑”。同学们一定有过没有例子可举的情况，那么，这时候就应该应用“总——分”思维，对主题句或者理论部分进行层层具像化地分析，所谓 “细节尽头显真实”。尽头很难达到，但同学们可以努力对分论点进行至少2～3层的递进分析，分论点的合理性必会有所提升。
排比举例：分论点概念太宽泛? 同学们可以采用列举平行的2～4个例子分别展开，保持列举时时句式的相似性，加强气势和论证效果。
对比法：论证的“灵丹妙药”，玩转“非正面对比”和“正面对比”。
因果法：明确推论的起点和终点，在推论时“动之以情，晓之以理”，结合案例细节开展连续性的归纳论证，并使用归纳性的逻辑联结词串联层层递推的内容，使得段落论证有力，逻辑连贯。
3. 连贯
内容连贯一致的文章通常全文围绕中心论点展开，而不会论据自相矛盾，也不会重复论证，有时候通过一些表示因果、先后、递进的关系连词可以起到粘合剂段落的作用，加强文章的整体性和连贯性。
4. 语言
托福写作范文：要想取得成功必须接受新观点
托福写作真题题目：
6月18日托福独立写作真题回顾
To be a successful person, one must be open to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind. (160618大陆)
6月18日托福独立写作点睛：
题目大意：要想取得成功，人们必须要接受新的观点并且愿意改变自己原有的观点。此题目选择同意比较好写，在去想分论点时，有两种方式可以用：第一种就是去想why, 理由一：接受新的观点可以更好地适应变化的环境;理由二，接受新的观点可以与别人建立良好的关系。第二种去拆分举例，拆分职业： 第一种职业IT 行业的人;第二种职业老师。
6月18日托福写作真题-独立写作
此次试题出现了A,B卷
A: A/D: To be a successful person, one must open up to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind.
B: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.
A卷题目是绝对词类话题;B卷题目为建议类话题/二选一话题). 注意区别处理这两类题目。
以A卷题目为例：处理此类文章需要弱化绝对词，并给出其他合理的方式。关于此题，可以按以下方式组织文章：1)开头段-主题段一(去绝对词做让步段处理，写我方的好处)-主题段二(要成功的因素1)-主题段三(要成功的因素2)-结尾段;2)开头段-主题段一(优点一)-主题段二(优点二)-主题段三(优点三)-结尾段(小让步+综合其他可以使人成功的因素)。
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考一:
6月18日托福独立写作范文如下：
Under the current society full of intense competitions, how to achieve success has never failed to arouse deep concern and interest among the general public. Thereof, a good deal of accomplished businessmen and elites are strong believers of the claim that to be a successful person, one must be open to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind.Towards such a complicated issue, I am in favor of the above claim for the following reasons.
In the first place, being receptive to new ideas can help people to better adapt to the constantly changing environment and thus become successful. As is common sense, no matter what fields or areas you are engaged in, change has become the perpetual topic, which means that what you held firmly onto before may become outdated and even misleading overnight. In other words, only those people with open mind towards new things can keep pace with the changes of time and are more likely to achieve success. By contrast, rejecting any new ideas and never changing one's mind, people will be gradually surpassed or even replaced by other competitors. A good case in point is the collapse of Nokia Company, the once most famous cell phone brand. On account of showing no acceptance to the new operating system Android, the Nokia has announced bankruptcy and has been acquired by Microsoft Company. The same logic can apply to any individuals who are stubborn.
Besides that, embracing new ideas can help people to build harmonious rapport with more people, leading to the higher likelihood of becoming successful. More scrutiny has made it conspicuous that an attitude of open-mindedness is strongly correlated to one's popularity among others, especially in a work team. The underlying reason is that anyone who has a willingness to listen to new thoughts tends to leave a good impression and thereof gains help or assistance from others when faced with troubles in the path to success. Also, being open-minded helps you work through interpersonal or intra-team conflicts that arise when people work in close quarters. By contrast, insisting on one' own view stubbornly usually not only build a barrier for establishing the friendship but also serves as the origin of quarrel or conflicts with other people. Put it another way, people without a spirit of listening and cooperation have difficulty in completing any projects, let alone, become successful.
Indeed, accepting new ideas may make people feel uncomfortable, because they are forced to get out their comfort zone. However, the above reasoning does not bear deep analysis. To illustrate, it is an indisputable fact that success relies on nothing but innovation driven by constantly taking in original and creative ideas and thoughts. Consequently, factoring what has been mentioned above, we can conclude that showing acceptance to new ideas and changing one's mind accordingly are of great necessity for the sake of achieving success.
托福写作写作参考二:
Everyone is longing for success; therefore, everyone eagerly searches for every method to reach that end. Having an inclusive and open would definitely serve as a good panacea for everyone who wants to achieve something in the life. Nevertheless, it is not the only way toward one’s heyday, for one’s success derives from the combined factors, like tenacity and resilience.
Admittedly, a man with an open mind for new ideas is half way for success, for these innovative ideas and philosophies offer one with another outlook when facing a deadlock or dilemma. What’s the most important, new idea brings about creation to our life. The modern society has witnessed the rapid and pervasive changes of technologies along with subtle social reforms. It is the new ideas from other people and other places that lead James Dyson, the inventor if G-force vacuum cleaner, to a great success; it is embracing the new method from the excellent athletes that helps Jimmy Li create his special set “Jimmy Li Jump”.Furthermore, changing our mind and listening to the new ideas from others is conducive to cooperate with other people. A man cannot succeed without the assistance from others. An open mind for new ideas and thoughts are easy for people to share different ideas, therefore, it is beneficial for cooperating within certain groups or teams. A cooperative people would certainly get more help, thus to succeed in a more earlier way. However, an open mind for outside ideas is surely the only way for one to succeed, for there are a lot of other people gaining success through other ways!
Being tenacious and persistent represent a continuous effort in one’s specific career. The secret to happiness is hard work and effort, not “quick-fixes”. Great ideas only cannot guarantee one’s efforts and actions. Only by the down-to-earth efforts and hard work can the final success gained! If James Dyson did not experiment for over 5200 times after he got a new idea from others, we would not have witnessed the birth of this new and highly efficient vacuum cleaner. Therefore, tenacity and persistence provide a sure way to one’s success.
Furthermore, a positive and optimistic attitude towards failure can also serve as a facilitator for one’s success. A lot of people failed because they feared the new challenges or feared to fail again. People with negative attitudes may be loath to take action even if they embrace new ideas from others. A positive mindset can serve as a catalyst for one’s success. If James Dyson didn’t hold hopes for his production promotion and give up during his experiment, we would have seen his products prevail the global market. Thus, a sound mindset and positive attitude propels one to success.
In a nutshell, a successful person is not made just in one day. A lot of factors contribute to a successful people, like new ideas, tenacity and a positive mind, to name just a few. Only in this way can a person expect success as soon as possible!
托福写作范文：城市领导如何保障城市繁荣
20托福写作真题题目：
5月22日托福独立写作真题
As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?
A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;
B. lowering food price;
C. providing affordable housing
5月22日托福独立写作范文(新东方 赵波)
题目大意：作为一个城市的领导想要保障城市的繁荣，要做以下三项：为失业人员提供就业机会，降低食物价格，提供经济适用房。波波建议选择为失业人员提供工作，证明其重要性，然后另外一段将两个选项的不必要性阐述明白。
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考一:
In a society changing amazingly, that how to gurantee the prosperity and success of a city， the common target of all citizens，has always been brought under the spotlight of the massive media. When talking about which factor plays the most crucial role in ensuring city's smooth development, among creating job vacancy, lowering food price or adjusting housing price, people’s notion varies from one to another. From my perspective, providing job opportunities for the unemployed is the best choice.
In the first instance, offering job vacancies to the laid-offs will not only guarantee the social security and safety but also strengthen the purchasing power of the public. For one thing, given the indisputable fact that the unemployed without any income are likely to commit crimes such as theft of wallets or burglaries due to lack of daily necessities, it is self-evident that the greater the number of laid-offs is, the more unstable our society will become. Therefore, after satisfying their basic needs of life with the income from the job offered by the government, they will no longer be a threat to the stability of the whole society, which is the solid foundation for social progress and prosperity. For another, as long as citizens with jobs have more free disposable money and thus possess stronger purchasing monitory power, the various industries will be stimulated and propelled to a large extent. To be specific, with the accruing wealth, an increasing number of people will purchase a private car to commute to their office, with the result that the whole industry of automobiles will experience a booming period. The same logic can also be true of other industries and fields.
Furthermore, there are obvious disadvantages of the other two policies, lowering the food price and making the price of house affordable. Despite the fact that keeping the food price low and providing affordable housing will lessen the financial burden of the dwellers in the city in a short term, these two practices would hinder the future success of the whole society. To illustrate, the low price of food will definitely decrease the income of food producers, especially the farmers who support their family by selling what they plant and raise. As a result, they are likely to have great difficulty in making their ends meet, thus ending up becoming homeless or jobless. Also, in a long run, increasing housing affordability will put a damper on the citizens’ passion for creating wealth and thus decrease the dynamics of the whole society. Specifically speaking, when the price is so cheap that nearly everyone can afford it with ease, no one will work hard any more.
In a nutshell, I am convinced that the most effective and efficient way to boom a city is to create more job opportunities for the jobless.
托福写作写作参考二:
All governments on the planet engage in finding the best methods to develop their country into a more powerful nation with abundant resources. These methods are supposed to cover as many people as possible and with no doubt, be effective enough to bring about profits as soon as possible. Among all the approaches that are aiming at advancing a country, I firmly believe that the issues associated with food is more important and should be paid more attention to by countries.
First of all, under no circumstances can human live without food supply, which is the premise of all human activities. As a result, solving the problems in agriculture and the availability of food to all people is an essential factor in the development of a country. When people have rice to eat, they have more energy to work in the fields; when people are supplied with meat, they are more passionate in manufacturing crafts and tools; when people have cheaper fruits on the markets, they become more willing to serve his customers at work; when people have easier access to clothes, they are more inspired in doing researches and experiments. No progress can be made with hungry stomachs.
Second, it is easier to advance agriculture than to create more job positions for unemployed workers. Increasing agricultural production depend largely on good command of planting or farming knowledge and technology. For the knowledge aspect, information can be obtained through diverse channels like books, magazines and the internet, where information is not only authorized but also comprehensive. For the technology aspect, the governments can either invest in researches in crop properties or genetic modification or purchase equipment or technology from those few highly developed countries who fulfill the responsibility to help more other countries. Nonetheless, creating work opportunities is not that easy, since companies, either state owned or privately owned, have certain precise requirement for the number of workers according to the types of business they undertake and current situation of the market.
Finally, promoting the food industry benefit more people than affordable housing can do. As we have discussed above, food is needed by everybody and better agricultural conditions make a so great difference that it extends how far a government can go. In contrast, few people need houses, especially in this modernized society, as a direct consequence of building more housing apartments, most individuals already possess a house to live in, where means whether the houses are affordable or not has little or no influence on the overall development of the country.
To sum up, I believe what we eat means more than what we do and where we live. The leaders of all countries should focus more on the improvement of food availability and more and more people will live a happier life.
篇6：托福写作的分段技巧解析
托福写作如何轻松变换句式
1.变换句子的开头结构
名词做主语
介词短语作状语
副词作状语
状语从句
分词短语作状语
形容词短语作状语
主语从句
不定式短语做主语或状语
动名词做主语
To begin with, even in such areas as computer science, where it is estimated that much of what a student earns today wi be obsoete in just five years, an advanced degree and the education it represents wi continue to be of benefit. Unike undergraduate education, which is divided into a number of sma educationa units every term, post-baccaaureate education is concentrated on deeper earning in fewer areas. Moreover, most graduate education requires extended, critica focus on compex issues or research projects. And even if the technica information reevant to competing a graduate-eve project becomes outmoded, the earned critica methods and probem-soving approaches wi not.
2. 使用不同的句型结构
Today’s education system paces too much emphasis on students’ desires rather than their needs. Accordingy, students are searching for the easy way out, and educators are wiingy conspiring with them. As opposed to this trend, I woud argue that students shoud study what is presented to them rather than what is desired by them. Not ony shoud educators determine the curricuum, but aso they shoud strive to insure that each individua student truy gains from his/her education, rather than just breezes through it.
托福写作的分段技巧解析
开头段
开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织，即背景法(Background)， 争议法(Controversy)，提问法(Question)，故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。
以背景法为例。背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景 或者是由远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。背景法开头段的结构通常如下：背景(1-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。以2007年8月11日的独立写作试题为例：Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题---科技。这样，我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始：Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句话就是一句紧贴社会的背景，这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦点，还能引起考官的共鸣。
中间段落
中间段落的文章结构通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平时能熟练运用这样的一个结构来展开作文，那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来帮助自己抓住每一分。中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。
Transitional words主要有以下三种，即表顺序：firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列：besides, in addition;表对比：in contrast, in comparison。这些衔接词会让文章看起来脉络清晰，组织严密，也就做到了评分标准中的“well-organized”一条。
主题句，顾名思义，向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。通常主题句应该注意一下几点：
1.主题句必须是陈述句。有的考生想在写作中创新，于是采用反问句或者其他看似多样化的题目，然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象，很自然地会影响到分数。
2.必须表明观点。如果考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上，很显然无法表明自身观点。比如像“今天是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点;然而 “今天是个好天气”就包含一种感情色彩在里面，给人一种立场明确的感觉。考生应该切记：没有反驳余地的就不可以作为主题句。
3.态度必须坚决。但是不能极端。
4.每段必须有主题句，理论上讲没有主题句是可以的，但是考场上不可以，没有主题就会浪费考官的时间去帮你总结主题，然而繁忙的考官是不会那么善良地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。
至于中间段落的展开(development)则需要大家学习积累一些常用的段落展开方法，比如举例法、比较法、因果法等。
结尾
文章结尾段落虽然并不像开头和中间段落那样重要，然而没有结尾的文章是不完整的，不符合基本写作要求。所以考生在考场上一定要在结尾处再次声明自己观点(restatement)， 或者提出新的希望，或者提出解决问题的方案，从而让考官有一种善始善终的良好印象。如果考生能做到以上几点，那么我们的作文构思就是比较成功了。
托福写作句型的使用技巧
我们看看下边的几个例句：
1. Knowledge will never lie。
知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。
这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。
2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。
那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。
这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。
3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life。
自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色
这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。
托福写作考试的讲解
经常看到学生的作文整体语言简单，或者偏口语化，却掺杂了数个SAT阅读词汇，读来别扭——也就是学生粗浅地知其大概中文意思，但根据中文意思再放到写作里头便出现了不和谐，甚至是完全错误的用法。曾经还教到过一个学生，其独立写作开头和结尾让我觉得回到了历史，不仅能看出是生搬硬套，而且比较别扭。一问，果然两段分别改自莎士比亚《暴风雨》选段及英译荷马史诗。其实，该生的语言天赋和功底都很好，但在追求高分的过程中走入了误区。一个是语言风格上的混合错误：正式语言与非正式语言反差过大，现代英语中掺杂古英语或旧式英语;另一个是词语搭配错误。这亦是中国学生普遍的问题所在。
我们一定要注意到，托福写作是应用写作(practical writing)，非创造性写作(creative writing)，即考察学生的语言表述能力，而不是文学创作能力。无论是综合写作还是独立写作，考生追求的基本目标是把想说的意思用书面英语表达清楚，让阅卷人读懂和明白。从语言角度来说，有两大标准，即准确性和多样化。能够达到词词准确，又使用到不同的词句来表达相同、相似的意思，从语言角度来说已经符合托福考试的高分要求。
先来说说准确性。譬如这样一个句子：My writing ability increased by reading many books. 拆开来看，每个英文单词对应的中文意思是对的。但存在一个问题，ability和increase是不搭配的。任何一个单词，都不能单纯地说用得好不好。语言是讲究搭配的，简单常见的词只要搭配合适，放置合适的语境，依然可以锻造完美的句子。这个道理和穿衣混搭是一样的。穿着漂亮不在于单品是如何大牌如何昂贵，而在于款式质地的和谐，以及最后的上身效果。在这个句子中，increase表示增加的意思，主要表示数量的增加。尽管有时也能表示程度的增进，但这里和ability的搭配是不正确的。一般我们说develop one's ability，也可以说improve one's ability. 因此，这句话得修改成My writing ability developed by reading many books. 当然还可以修改得更地道一些。后半句想表达“阅读”，学生一般的习惯是把“读”和“书”全部翻译出来。注意，写作是表达，不是翻译。这么写固然是对的，还不够理想。我们进一步把句子修改成My writing ability developed by reading much. 从表达效果来讲，已经“达”了，考生想表述的意思和阅卷人读到的意思完全吻合。当然句子可以再继续修改得更加豪华，本文暂不赘述。
那么，词语的搭配如何检验呢?在各种班型的培训课程中，老师固然会提到一些典型搭配。但更为重要的是考生自己掌握检验的方法。我个人比较推荐Oxford Learner's English Collocation Dictionary(《牛津学生英语搭配词典》)，其中的语料来源和实用性都比较好。
关于多样化，举个最普遍的例子：“more and more”这个短语几乎是每个中国学生都使用过的短语。我看到过太多学生的独立写作文章，三四百字的短文里出现了四五次。有学生在开头段便使用了三次。学生重复使用该短语是可以理解的，一个是熟悉，再来字数似乎上去了。其实，稍加思考便知道，如此做法反而在文章开头便向阅卷人暴露了弱处。因此这种不顾语言质量的“凑字数”方法是不可取的。
如何解决语言单一的问题?平日积累是必不可少的。而积累的最好方法就是阅读和仿写。阅读的材料有几大注意点：一、选择现代英语，简而言之，选择至少五十年以内的材料。读莎翁很好，但忌讳盲目模仿。二、题材上尽量选择essay(散文、评论性文章、短文尤佳)。不少学生喜欢看Twilight之类的的幻想小说，这对培养阅读兴趣和语感很好，但对托福写作的帮助不直接。Twilight之类属于创造性写作，即文学写作，其语境和托福考试需要的议论文有很大差别，即便学到很炫的词句，但恐无用武之地。
托福写作的全面解答
本文分为三个部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题，Integrated Writing Task 6个问题，以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。
Independent Task
Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?
A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。
“You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT.” [OG, P267]
Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?
A: “None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular.” [OG, P267]
Q: 写作的时候，观点重不重要?
A: “It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions.” [OG, P267]
“I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
“Creativity is not necessary.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?
A: 不可以。
“If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.” [OG, P260]
而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。
“Personal experiences are common.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?
A: 那要看你怎么定义“模板”这个词。如果“模板”指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比如“五段式结构”可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果“模板”是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。
Do not “memorize” long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:
“The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.”
“In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding.”
Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:
“At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution.” [OG, P259]
“I think you could use it as long as it is on topic.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
A: Your ability
to respond directly to the question;
to take a clear position; and
to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
[Workshop Manual, P26]
Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?
A: “Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed.” [Teacher's Manual]
Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?
A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。
“Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas.” [OG, P260]
但是，不是越复杂越好。
就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是满分。
就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。
Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题回答好了，就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions (“Let's assume,” “we would all agree,” “can make or beak,” “come in very handy”).
Integrated Task
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?
A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.
a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目(“Comparison is not available now.”)，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?
A: “Typically the main idea will be developed with three points.” [OG, P252]
Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?
A: “Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading.” [OG, P253]
Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?
A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。
“In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn.” [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
“Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed.” [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?
A: “A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately.” [Workshop Manual, P45]
Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?
A: “The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.” [Workbook, P7]
“Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast.” [Workbook, P11]
“Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused.” [Workshop Manual, P46]
All Writing Tasks
Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?
A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。
“In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response.” [OG, P267]
Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?
A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。
把“dependence”写成“dependency”没太大问题;偶尔把“becomes independent”写成了“becomes independency”是个可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出“They prefer to be depended on their parents.”这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。
“Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture.” [OG, P253]
“If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score.” [OG, P260]
Q: 字数是不是很重要?
A: 首先，字数没有上限。
其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)
最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。
“Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.” [OG, P253]
“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted.” [OG, P258]
“The length is not considered.”
