托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤

“susie”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤，以下是小编为大家整理后的托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤，希望对大家有所帮助。

托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤

篇1：托福阅读时间分配和阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读包含3篇阅读，每篇阅读的时间为20分钟。建议是每篇文章，无论难易，都用17分钟做完，剩下的9分钟一律补充到较难的文章中去。如何补充呢?大家可以在做题的过程中一边做题一边将难题记录下来，最后的9分钟用来检查或者重做这些难题。

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

刚才建议大家一篇文章用17分钟做完，这个时间包含了全文阅读的时间和做题的时间，比较合理的安排是3-4分钟用来阅读，剩下的时间用来做题。3-4分钟是无法将整篇文章逐字逐句地进行阅读的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要详读，有些部分要略读。而不管详略，主要的目的是为了读出文章的结构和讨论的主要内容。下面讲讲详读的具体步骤。

1 读标题

文章的标题能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的标题后对全文的结构可以进行一个预测。比如说Applied Arts and Fine Arts，这个标题很明显是对比类型的标题，文章中应该会有两个讨论对象，而且是分类进行阐述的。

2 读主题句

有一个很好的技巧就是直接从最后一题中寻找线索，因为最后一道往往是文章小结题或者填表题，最后一题能很快帮助你锁定文章讨论的对象甚至结构。然后还可以从文章的首位句群中寻找主题句，记住，是句群而不是段落。因为有的主题句并不在第一段，具体的寻找方法在课内可以跟学员们分享。

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

在进行完前面两步后，对于文章的结构和主要内容都会有比较好的把握，笔者建议学生可以在平时的练习中将文章的逻辑结构画出来，经过这样的练习，阅读的理解能力肯定会有提升。

托福阅读真题练习：岩石

托福阅读文本：

Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.

All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.

On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.

托福阅读题目：

1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that

(A) the Earth began as a molten mass

(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust

(D) igneous rock is continually being formed

2. The word “invade” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) move into

(B) neutralize

(D) deposit

3. The word “contemporary” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) vast

(B) natural

(D) uneven

4. The word “it” in line 16 refers to

(A) granite

(B) surface

(D) texture

5. Granite that has been found above ground has been

(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma

(B) produced during a volcanic explosion

(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth

6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?

(A) granite

(B) plutonic rock

(D) mineral crystals

7. The word “finely” in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) minutely

(B) loosely

(D) purely

8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?

(A) Plutonic rock

(B) Crystal

(D) Obsidian

托福阅读答案：

AACAC CAD

托福阅读真题练习：植物生长

托福阅读文本：

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.

Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.

Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals,although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.

Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase “subject to” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word “puncture” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word “which” in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention “glycoproteins” in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word “dramatic” in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

托福阅读答案：

CAABD CADD

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

篇2：托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

托福阅读背景知识：火山岛的形成

地球的外壳并不是由单块石头组成的，而是由许多的“构造板块(tectonic plates)”紧紧拥抱在一起形成的，就像是一个灰常大的拼图。但是，不同地方的板块也各有不同，像有一些板块上住着小岛或是陆地，而另一些板块则形成了海底。据研究，所有的板块都处在不断地移动的状态，只是特别缓慢而已。那这是为啥呢?因为它们都漂浮在密度更大的半液体状地幔(mantlez)，在地壳和地壳之间上。这导致板块的边缘则形成了扩张脊(spreading ridges)、俯冲带(subduction zones)、断层(transform faults) 等地理特征。也使得板块边界这一“动感地带”出现了火山鬼和地震妖这两货。

一般情况下，板块内部在地质上都很“淑女”，很安静(uneventful)，但也有个别奇葩存在。扫一眼太平洋地图的写真照就知道了，那里的海底下有很多岛，其实它们都是火山，不过很多已经死翘翘了。而这些火山就是由地质活动造成的。

那么问题来了，为啥有些火山会发生在离板块边缘( boundary)那么远的地方呢?夏威夷群岛提供了一个比较靠谱的答案。这些群岛形成了一个岛链(chain)，从夏威夷岛开始向西北方向延伸。美国地质学家James Daly发现岛屿年龄越往西北方向越老，一个加拿大地质老学霸Tuzo Wilson也同意这种观点并进一步解释：夏威夷向西北延伸(stretching)的岛链就是一个表现在表面的火山源。首先，位于西北尽头的岛是最早形成的火山岛，然后随着板块向西北漂移，形成新的火山岛。也就是说年龄最小的火山岛，位于在岛链的末端，也就是火山源处。虽然他的解释并未在学究儿界马上得到广泛认可，但是他的理论已然成为板块构造理论的核心。大多数板块内部的火山喷发都是由地幔柱引起，地幔柱就是从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体，只要火山在这种柱体上面，那么它们就会成为活动“热点(hot-spot )”，火山就会变得很活跃很暴躁很疯狂，并且持续时间还很长。而且大多数海洋中的岛屿也都是因为地幔柱的扩张形成的。

热点海洋火山岛和它们的“热点”轨迹对于地质界学霸们很有用，因为它们记录了过去的板块在固定火山源上的位置。它们因此可以重建(reconstruction)海底扩张的过程、大陆和盆地过去的地理位置，以及它们成长发展过程。比如，通过现在太平洋板块的位置，就可以利用“热点”追踪到5千万年前太平洋板块的位置。但是由于海洋盆地在地质年代上是相当短命的，所以利用“热点”追踪他们只能看到近些年地质的发展变化。

下面再强调一下重要词汇：

板块构造 tectonic plates

地幔 mantle

扩张脊 spreading ridges

俯冲带 subduction zones

断层 transform faults

安静的 uneventful

边缘 boundary

岛链 chain

延伸 stretching

热点 hot-spot

重建 reconstruction

托福阅读背景知识：蒸汽机的发展

提到蒸汽机(The steam engine )，大家好像第一时间想到的就是蒸汽火车，其实有个更贴近我们生活的东西也和蒸汽机有关，那就是铁。在英国，最开始人们是用木材作为燃料炼铁的，把铁矿放在大熔炉(furnace )里一点点的烧，所以就需要用到大量的(abundant)木材，可是随着人口数量的增加，没有足够的地方种树，慢慢的也就没有能源可以使用了。这时精明的英国人发现当时的俄国是个种树大户，钢铁工业发展得很是不错，就开始从他们那边进口铁材，俄国起初还特积极的供应(supply )，后来发现自己家的树都快没了，就不再搭理英国了，结果英国人又陷入了能源危机(The energy crisis) 。

经过不懈努力，英国gentlemen又开发出了煤这种燃料，之后就开始玩命使用，无论是家里面还是工厂里，都是用煤去提供热量的，成就了一大票的煤老板。那些煤老板那叫一个有钱啊，喝牛奶都是买两碗，喝一碗倒一碗…. 咳咳咳，好像跑题了。再说回来，当时的英国人为了得到更多的煤，把矿啊挖得越来越深，之后矿井就会充满地下水，人们又不得不开始抽水，这时候问题就来了，挖掘技术，不对，是抽水技术哪家强?由于当时的英国还没有blue 翔这种高大上的学校，最开始肯定还是一般工人来抽水啊，慢慢演变成人力达不到的时候就做个泵(pump)，用马在地面上拉，虽然能达到一定的效果，但是这样又费时又费力。终于有人看不下去，冲粗来搞发明，这两个奥特曼呢，一个叫Thomas Savery 一个叫Thomas Newcomen 分别在1698和1705发明了最原始的(primitive )蒸汽机，一开始的蒸汽机效率比较low，功能档也比较少，但是还是广为使用。

当人们都以为Savery 和Newcomen的发明已经达到了挑战人类智慧极限高度的时候，一个砸场子的人出现了，这个人就是后来出现在我们历史书上要求背诵名字的James Watt。这位少年成功的改良(innovation )了原有的蒸汽机，增加了气缸(cylinder )，经过反复的观察实验，最终达到了降低成本，减少消耗，节能减排，功能繁多等一系列惊人的效果。毫不意外的，人们马上抛弃了之前的老旧蒸汽引擎，开始大量使用Watt牌蒸汽机，并将其用到各种工业上，而我们一直提到的炼铁工业也得到了非常大的发展。当然老百姓肯定也有所受益(benefit)，炼铁工业的发展使得原来昂贵的铁制品慢慢变得便宜而又常见了，妈妈再也不用担心我带饭没有东西装了。

下面一起再复习下重要词汇：

蒸汽机 The steam engine

熔炉 furnace

大量的 abundant

供应 supply

能源危机 The energy crisis

泵 pump

最原始的 primitive

改良 innovation

气缸 cylinder

受益 benefit

托福阅读材料：川普当选后一个美国人的心声

At the conclusion of this last political election (ending with my beloved country being more divided than ever) a friend wrote me a letter sharing her fears and concerns for the future. She ended it with this sentence： “We live in troubling times.” I couldn’t help but agree with her, but the more I thought about it the more I realized that these current times aren’t the only troubling times that mankind has lived through.

这次大选结束了，我挚爱的国家从未如此分裂过，而在结束之时，我的一位朋友给我写了一封信，向我诉说她的恐惧以及对未来的担忧。而最后她以这句话结尾：“我们生活在令人不安的时代。”我非常同意她的观点，但我更多地意识到的是，人类自古至今都会经历令人不安的时代，不仅仅是当今的时代。

Ancient times were troubling times when crops could fail and half of all children died before the age of five. The first Christians lived in troubling times where they were persecuted, tortured, and even killed for their beliefs.

远古时代是个令人不安的时代，庄稼可能歉收，一半的孩子会因此在5岁前死去。第一代__也生活在动荡的时代，他们会因为坚持自己的信仰而被迫害、折磨、甚至杀死。

The fall of the Roman empire and the coming of the dark ages were troubling times.

罗马帝国的衰落和黑暗时代的到来也是多事之秋。

The Bubonic plague killed half of Europe and the rest struggled with starvation and petty wars.

黑死病害死了一半的欧洲人，而剩下的一半人则在饥饿和频繁的战争中挣扎。

The hundred years war, the crusades, the American and French revolutions, the Napoleonic and American Civil wars were all troubling times where hundreds of thousands died.

英法百年战争，十字军东征，美国和法国革命，拿破仑战争期和美国内战时期都是令人不安的时期，期间死了成千上万的人。

In World War I and World War II those thousands became millions. With the end of them the Cold war with its threat of nuclear destruction made for more troubling times. Then came the troubling times of terrorism and the fear they bring.

在一战和二战时期更是有数百万人丧生。随着这些战乱的结束，冷战又带来了核毁灭的威胁，开始了一段生灵涂炭的时期。

In addition to these were the troubling times that included the struggles of slavery, segregation,prejudice, poverty, greed, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, the struggle for equal rights, the loss of jobs and security, population explosions, natural disasters, the threat of starvation, the risk ofepidemics, and even the fate of our planet being at risk.

接着是恐怖主义时期，引发了大批群众的恐惧。除了这些，还有奴隶制、种族隔离、种族歧视、贫穷、贪婪的斗争，以及经济大萧条，经济大衰退，争取平等权利、工作和安全的斗争，人口爆炸、自然灾害、饥荒，遭遇传染病，甚至我们的地球也处于险境。

It is clear then that we do live in troubling times and that we always have lived in troubling times. The question is how are we going to LIVE in them. Are we going to feed them with our fear or lessen them with our love? Are we going to grow apart in hatred or come together in kindness? Are we going to continue to go from war to war or are we finally going to bring lasting peace to this planet? Are we going to grab for ourselves or are we going to give to others? Are we going to be selfish or are we going to save the world? The choice is ours. I think we all know, however, which choice our Heavenly Father wants us to make. May we all then make our troubling times less troubled by living our lives in love, joy, goodness, kindness, and oneness with God.

很明显，我们生活在令人不安的时代并且一直如此。但真正的问题是我们如何在这样的时代中更好地生活。我们是要以恐惧的心态面对它，还是用我们的爱来化解这些不安?我们是要在仇恨中彼此孤立，还是友好地携手共进呢?我们是要继续不断挑起战争，还是给这个星球带来持久的和平?我们是自私地占有，还是慷慨地给予?我们是要继续自私下去，还是去拯救世界?选择权在我们自己手中。我想大家都知道我们的神父希望我们做出怎样的选择。只要让我们的生活中多点爱、快乐、善良、仁慈，和与神合一的心智，就能使困扰我们生活的问题简单化。

篇3：托福阅读时间分配及阅读步骤

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

提升阅读效率画逻辑结构图

托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

1.Why does the author provide the information that “in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night”?

A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.

B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.

D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.

B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.

D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?

A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

4.The word “authoritative” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.actual.

B.important.

C.official.

D.effective.

5.The author uses the phrase “the timekeeper of last resort” to refer to

A.water clocks.

B.the sun.

C.mechanical clocks.

D.the church.

6.The word “rudimentary” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

A.rare.

B.small.

C.impractical.

D.basic.

7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?

A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.

C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.

D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

8.The word “installed” in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.required.

B.expected by the majority of people.

C.standardized.

D.put in place.

9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.

B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.

D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.

10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.

A.How did early mechanical clocks work?

B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?

C.How were mechanical clocks made?

D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

11.The word “pioneers” in the passage isclosest in meaning to

A.leaders.

B.opponents.

C.employers.

D.guardians.

12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.

C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.

D.It led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.

A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

托福阅读答案

1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northern Europe不能用。

2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholic church的prayers活动。

3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说to waken monk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。

4.authoritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的time keeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。

5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

6.rudimentary是基础的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。

7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not coming over，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。

8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。

9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。 A符合原文。

10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。 ACD原文都没提到。

11.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。

12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximize product per unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。

13.原句中no longer反应宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对现在的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，满足这两个条件的位置是C。

14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句“with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.”正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到说有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还说只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，说应用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被弃用了，但sun clock依然留下用来对照mechanical clock的准确性，错，不选。

托福阅读译文

【1】在欧洲，在机械表被引入以前，人们利用太阳(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水钟来确定时间。当然，太阳钟只能用于晴天使用，而水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。这两种仪器在晴天都运行的很好，但北欧，太阳可能会藏在云后长达一周，同时，温度不仅会随季节中变化，也因昼夜而不同。

【2】中世纪欧洲使得可靠的时间变得更重要。天主教堂每天有七次的祷告，有一个是在晚上，它要求设定闹钟以便在破晓前叫醒布道师。另外新的城市和小镇，由于其空间的限制，他们必须要知道并且安排时间去组织集体活动和分配空间。他们设定时间睡觉。所有这些用老的仪器都是可以一致的，只要只有一个权威的时间记录者。但是随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，时间错乱导致了不和与争吵。社会需要一个更加可靠的工具去衡量时间，这个仪器就是机械钟表。

【3】我们并不知道是谁发明了这个机器，或者在哪。它好像是出现在意大利或是英国(也许是同时发明的)在1275年到1300之间。一旦被人们所知，它就快速传播并替代了水钟表，但日晷依然存在，用来对照这个新仪器与原来的计时法。早期的版本很原始，不准确且易坏。

【4】讽刺的是，新仪器有破坏天主教堂权威性的倾向。虽然几世纪以来，尽管城市瓦解，罗马没落，但教堂仪式一直保持着对时间记录的兴趣，教堂时间是自然的时间。白天和黑夜被分为均等的部分，所以除去昼夜平分点，白天和黑夜时间是不均等的;当然因此，这些时间的长度也随着季节变化。但是，机械时钟时间间隔相等，这意味着新的时间计算法。天主教会进行反抗，将近一个世纪都不肯转化到新的时间。但一开始，城镇都接受了均等时间作为他们的标准，并且安装公共的时钟在城镇大楼和市场变成了新的世俗市政权威的标志。每个城镇都想要一个;胜利者视它们为珍贵的战利品，在游人去神圣古迹朝圣的路上，他们专程去看并听这些钟表。

【5】钟表是中世纪机械精巧装置的最大成就。它的正确性的可以通过简单地可观察日出日落等常见现象来证明。这样的结果是对技术和设计进步的残酷的压力。在每个阶段，制表人引领者准确与精度，他们成为了微型化的大师，错误的探测器和校正者，更新更好的搜寻者。因此他们是机械工程的先驱，是工程学其它分支的典范和老师。

【6】钟表带来了秩序和控制，既有集体的也有个人的。它的公开展示和私人拥有铺设了短期自治的基础：人们现在可以不用根据上层的命令来调整去留。钟表也为集体活动提供了时间提示，同时使个人能够安排他们自己的工作，以加强生产力。事实上，生产力的准确概念是时钟的副产物，一旦一个人可以将其表现用统一的时间单位衡量，那么工作就永远都不会一样了。人们从农民以任务为导向的工作方式(在时间和光线条件允许的情况下，一件工作接着一件的干)和家奴以时间为导向的工作方式(总有事情做)中转变到了将单位时间的生产量达到最大化的努力中。

托福阅读时间分配以及阅读步骤

篇4：托福阅读怎么分配时间?

托福阅读怎么分配时间?读文章和解题时间合理安排计划分享

托福阅读时间分配细节介绍

托福阅读包含3篇阅读，每篇阅读的时间为18分钟。建议是每篇文章，无论难易，都用15分钟做完，剩下的9分钟一律补充到较难的文章中去。如何补充呢?大家可以在做题的过程中一边做题一边将难题记录下来，最后的9分钟用来检查或者重做这些难题。

托福阅读这些部分应该详读

刚才建议大家一篇文章用15分钟做完，这个时间包含了全文阅读的时间和做题的时间，比较合理的安排是3-4分钟用来阅读，剩下的时间用来做题。3-4分钟是无法将整篇文章逐字逐句地进行阅读的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要详读，有些部分要略读。而不管详略，主要的目的是为了读出文章的结构和讨论的主要内容。下面讲讲详读的具体步骤。

1 读标题

2 读主题句

3 读段落的首位句群

我们一般要读的是段落开头的两句和结尾的一句，要特别留心开头部分的转折词。

托福阅读可以略读的部分一览

为了将更多的时间用于详读部分，我们必然要对文章其他部分进行略读。下面这些部分是要略读的部分。

1.重复与进一步解释的内容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具体的原理和过程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在后面，前面略读。

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托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：华盛顿野生鹿群的变迁

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history , the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.

词汇讲解：

biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 关于生命的，生物的

fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 涨落，波动

approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大约

yield /ji?ld/ v. 生产，产生;屈服，让步

结构划分：

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), (in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time), says that (“since the early 1940s, ) the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, (the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), ) (which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time)，插入语，其中还有两个介词(in Washington) (through recorded time)

中文：回顾在华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性

修饰二：(since the early 1940s) ，介词短语

中文：自从20世纪40年代早期

修饰三：(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ，大家能看懂这个修饰即可。其实这里有一个独立主格结构，嗯，好吧，不知道也能看懂的。

中文：冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动

修饰四：(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period“.)，从句，修饰winter population，其中for an indefinite period表示不定期

中文：这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只

主干：Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that，后面接宾语从句

参考翻译：

野生动物学家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顾华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性之后说道：“从20世纪40年代早期，华盛顿州拥有鹿的数量比以历史任何时期都多，冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动，这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只”。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：早期社会仪式的取消和传承

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

词汇讲解：

cease /si?s/ v. 停止，中止

well-being n. 幸福;(尤指) 健康

retain /r?'te?n/ v. 保持或保留;

结构划分：

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites (essential to their well-being) and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained (as parts of their oral tradition) the myths (that had grown up around the rites) and admired them (for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(essential to their well-being)，修饰rites，

中文：对于他们的幸福健康是必要

修饰二：(as parts of their oral tradition) ，介词短语，修饰myths，这里有一个短语retain…as，本来myths要放在retained之后，但是由于myths后面有从句，宾语较长，所以置后了，大家要注意这里语序的问题。

中文：作为它们口头传统的部分

修饰三：(that had grown up around therites) ，从句，修饰myths

中文：从仪式里发展出来的

修饰四：(for their artistic qualitiesrather than for their religious usefulness. ) ，介词短语，修饰them，这里有一个很重要短语rather than，表示而不是

中文：因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途

主干：they retained the myths

参考翻译：

例如，一些早期社会不再认为某些仪式对于他们的幸福健康是必要的，便取消了那些仪式，但是，他们保留了那些从仪式里发展出来的神话作为口头传统的一部分，并因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途而喜爱它们。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：特殊时期的动物化石

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

词汇讲解：

paleontologist /?pe?l??n?t?l?d ??st/ n. 古生物学家

descendant /d?'send(?)nt/ n. 子孙，后代

结构划分：

At one time, the animals (present in these fossil beds) were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms (that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period), (leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(present in these fossil beds)，形容词短语，修饰animals，注意是放在后面哦

中文：存在于这些化石床中

修饰二：(that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period)，从句，修饰body forms

中文：出现在Cambrian时期早期，并在这个时期末期前消失

修饰三：(leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)，非谓语动词修饰前面的主干

中文：在现代动物群组中没有留下后代

主干：most paleontologists now agree that，that后面整个宾语从句，从all到groups

参考翻译：

曾经存在于这些化石床中的动物被分配到各种现代动物群组中，但现在大多数古生物学家都同意：所有Tommotian的化石代表了出现在Cambrian时期早期并在这个时期末期前消失独特的化石形式，在现代动物群组中没有留下后代。

篇5：托福阅读计时：如何正确分配阅读时间

新托福阅读调整：试题不再单独计时

美国教育考试服务中心不久前发布消息称，11月起将微调托福考试阅读部分的结构。新托福阅读部分调整，加试部分不固定出现在试题最后，新东方在线相关老师对本次变化的形式、影响及相应的备考策略进行了分析总结。

据悉，此次主要有两点变化，一是考试时间由原来的60分钟或100分钟变为现在的60分钟或80分钟。调整意味着加试由2篇改为1篇。对此，托福主讲老师陈毅然认为，无论考生答对还是答错，加试部分不算成绩，若占用考生大量时间去阅读答题，势必在精力上有所牵扯，对后边的听力、口语、写作等部分题的操作将产生不好的影响，美国教育考试服务中心将加试从2篇改为1篇，这对考生是一个利好消息。陈毅然提醒考生，要认真对待加试，从以往考试情况看，加试具体出现在哪一篇并不固定，未必是在最后，考生每篇都要把它当成真正的考题做。

变化二是各篇之间不再单独计时。陈毅然表示，这一变化使考生的做题时间与做题顺序可以相对自由调控。据悉，以前考试中做题时间和顺序相对较死板，尤其是第一篇文章一定要在20分钟内做完，如果做不完，考生会看到倒计时从20分钟开始倒计为0，变成0时答题时间结束。很多考生在第一篇时都感觉时间很紧。

现在，美国教育考试服务中心公告中明确告知考生，试题各篇之间不再单独计时。即若没有加试，看到的时间倒计时从60分钟开始;若有加试，倒计时从80分钟开始。通过这点，考生第一时间就可以知道是否有加试，而不像以前，20分钟做完第一篇，然后第二篇、第三篇是40分钟的计时，做完之后才知道接下来有没有其他的题目要答，才能判断自己是否遇到加试。现在考生一开始就能知道阅读部分有没有加试。

在美国教育考试服务中心的公告中也详细说明，时间和顺序可以做相对灵活的微调。但是要注意调整不要太大，本身阅读的时间就很紧张，考生要合理安排时间，不要在一篇文章上浪费过多时间。平均下来20分钟一篇的速度是比较合理的。如果阅读部分总共60分钟，考生第一篇文章30分钟才做完，那后面30分钟再怎样也做不完两篇阅读。

托福阅读时间不够用因为什么

1.逐字翻译导致读句子的速度慢

很多同学在翻译句子的过程中，都没有一个良好的习惯，只是机械地把所有英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于简单句来说，这样做其实无可厚非;但是遇到语法结构稍微复杂的句子，这种方法便会立刻失效，于是同学们便会不断重复回看这句话，想要弄清楚它的意思，这样便造成了时间上的极大浪费。所以我们在平时练习过程中需要训练自己养成一个良好的阅读习惯，不要被那些单词牵着走，而要主动地去分析句子结构：句子主语是谁?这个主语怎么了，发生了什么事?谁是修饰成分?谁才是真正的谓语?当我们能够做到读完一句理解一句，相信我们自然就能在要求时间之内答完题了。

2.练习少，对题目缺乏熟悉度

许多同学把备考托福阅读等同于背单词，因而一天到晚只跟单词书亲近，却不曾正眼看过TPO中的阅读文章。背单词固然重要，毕竟单词不会，文章也无法理解。但是想要提高分数、想要冲刺阅读高分，那我们就必须把TPO阅读文章当作圣经一样来对待。这不只是草草做题对答案了事，更是通过大量做题，来增强自己对于托福阅读出题套路的了解，以期掌握每种题型的应对方案，争取做到读完题之后，能够立刻找到题干中的有效关键词，再迅速回文定位答案。同学们不要觉得题海战术是很笨的方法，多年实践已经证明，它其实是一种很有效率的学习方法，关键在于我们是否能够通过题海战术有所收获，而不是为了做题而做题。

3. 文章结构不够熟悉

我特别强调做完题后，分析每篇文章的文章结构这件事。为什么?因为文章结构大概也就那么几种，见得多了，便就一见如故了。在考场上，我们根本没有时间为了最后一道题而把文章再通读一便。而倘若我们在做题过程中，就能迅速总结出每一段的中心意思，那么这篇文章我们一定会读得更通透，在做每一段相应的题时也就能够提高准确率。而能否迅速总结出段落大意就依赖于平时严格的训练。不要做完了题就万事大吉，把每篇文章充分利用起来，观察它们的结构，多做总结，这样的工作做得多了，必然会有所收获的。

托福阅读的加试时间长度

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。

托福阅读考试需要留检查时间吗‘’

这是很多托福考生的疑问，因为托福阅读考试的时间很紧张，考生对于做题就已经够匆忙了，又怎么会有检查的时间呢?但是到底托福阅读要留检查时间吗?我们一起来看看吧!

托福阅读考试的时间是按篇来给的，也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成，提早完成了第一篇，并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以，即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇，而一般情况下，这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的，因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。

所以在托福阅读考试中，我们应该尽量争取一次做对，阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些，耐心读取题目的中心句。另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记，帮助你更迅速定位题目，因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词，所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候，还是坚持一次性原则为好，尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内，这是一个参考标准，如果达不到这个阅读速度，面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度，根本来不及检查。

托福阅读需要留检查时间吗?通过上面的内容我们可以看出，在托福阅读备考中，不提倡大家留托福阅读检查时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力，托福阅读考试的正确率也就会有所增加。

篇6：托福阅读时间如何正确的分配

方法一：

用5分钟阅读整篇文章，形成对文章结构和关键内容的大致理解。剩下15分钟从第一题开始做到最后一题，先文后题：即先看每一段，然后解决对应的题目。

优点：

1.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

2.有利于解决少数与段落主题有关的题目。

缺陷：

1.不能在规定时间内完成;

2.记不住段落的内容，做题时仍需返回段落，重新定位到具体的某句话来寻找答案。

3.做最后一题时，仍需重新阅读文章，因为距第一遍阅读文章已经时隔了十几分钟，不可能记得很清楚;或者凭借先前阅读后的大致印象选择答案，感觉没底。

方法二：

用7分钟阅读整篇文章，直接做最后一题。剩下的13分钟从第一题做到倒数第二题。

1.对于做最后一题有一定的好处，因为刚刚读完印象还在。

2.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

1.最后一题的正确选项通常与第一题至倒数第二题中的某些题有一定在关联性，消耗了不必要的时间。

2.做第一题至倒数第二题的时间非常紧迫，每道题(除了词汇题)几乎都是草草一笔带过，无法确保题目的正确率。

方法三：

用15分钟做第一题至倒数第二题，先题后文：即读题目根据关键词定位到段落中的某句话，然后比对这句话和选项的含义，最后选出答案。剩下5分钟做最后一题。

1.保证了绝大多数题目的正确率。

2.确保在规定时间内完成。

1.需要掌握简化后的解题方法，即上完强化班之后需要把习得的技巧进行简化后才能应用于实战。

2.对于第一题至倒数第二题中个别与全文结构或主题有关的题目不能在第一时间做出判断，只能放到做完最后一题之后完成，增加了考生的心理负担和翻页的时间损耗。

篇7：托福阅读时间如何正确的分配

60 分钟的时间要尽量雨露均沾的分给 3 篇文章

我们在考试中遇到的3篇文章存在难度不一的情况，如果第一篇文章特别简单，当然可以节省部分时间给其他的篇章，但如果你的第一篇文章特别难，也尽量要在 20 分钟内完成，以免因为第一篇文章耗时太多，导致后面的文章没有时间作答。若恰恰后面的文章是相对简单，容易得分的题目，那我们不就亏大了吗?难的文章得分没保障，简单的题目没来得及做，这叫赔了夫人又折兵。

所以每篇文章默认的时间额度为20 分钟，再根据实际情况进行调度，原则是让每篇文章都有充分的答题时间。

3-15 plus 2 的时间分配法

这个时间分配因人而异，因文不一，仅作为参考

1.3 分钟把握文章框架

很多同学提出质疑，认为这 3 分钟的时间去看了文章也记不住内容，不如直接做题，这是无用论 ;有些同学则认为自己的答题时间不够，3 分钟太宝贵，不舍得挪出来，这是无时间论。

其实，这 3 分钟的时间决定了我们的阅读高度，不仅能提高解题速度，还能提高准确率，是有超值回报的 3 分钟。

怎么样才能通过 3 分钟迅速把握文章框架呢 ?

很简单，读 title,introduction 和各段落的 topic sentence，来看看它们之间的联系。

title 给出讨论对象，introduction 给出讨论角度，即文章主旨，而各段落主旨告诉我们文章分几个方面或如何对主旨展开论述。这些内容环环相扣，犹如钢筋水泥，给我们搭建出了一个房子的框架。有了框架之后，我们可以看见 “森林”，而不是只见“木”。

在 3 分钟内，我们不仅能够把握文章的核心主旨，它的脉络走向，还能了解作者的“感情色彩”，给我们下一步正确和快速的答题奠定了基础，尤其是对解决“主旨题”起了决定性的作用。

很多同学在学习并熟练掌握了三分钟定框架的阅读方法后反馈时表示答题都不用回到文章细读就能选出正确答案，因为不管你细不细读，主旨就在那里，一直不变，而大部分的题目都会针对或围绕主旨出题，尤其是最后一道总结题或分类题，解题速度和准确率会有质的飞跃。希望你们也能够同样受用。

2.15 分钟答题

我们知道一篇文章会有 12-14 道问题，所以要保证答题阶段有 15 分钟以上的时间才够充分。

在这个阶段，我们的阅读顺序则是先看题，再读文。我们需要先审清楚题干，再根据题干的要求回到相应的段落去进行详读。

一般情况下，题干会给出大的定位，告诉我们考点所在的段落，而具体的考点位置需要我们自己分析得出，然后进行精准的定位。答题的过程就是不断补充细节的过程，犹如给搭建的毛坯房添加各种家具。

备考托福阅读的三个注意事项

关于单词

阅读理解最基本的出题方式是句子的同义改写。因为答案的判断标准是与文章内容相符，所以做题的最小单位是句子。而句子的最小单位是单词。单词这个砖块通过语法规则构筑起句子这面墙。单词认识，语法清楚，句子就读懂了。这是阅读理解对语言能力的考察。解决了读懂的问题，还有理解的问题。前后句之间是通过怎样的逻辑组成一个段落，前后段之间又是如何组成一篇文章。这是阅读理解对认知能力的考察。

经常见到一些学生，他们认为看文章耗时长，不如直接背单词表节省时间，单词记得多。暂且不论抛弃上下文是否能有效记住生词，对阅读理解的这种误解至少忽略了理解能力这一考查点。这也是无法取得高分的一个原因。

显而易见，词汇是第一关，背是硬道理。当同学们开始积累单词时，涉及单词来源，积累数量和背记方法三个方面的问题。首先，背哪儿的单词。最基本的逻辑，你希望背完的单词在哪儿遇见，背单词为何准备。当然为了考试准备，希望考试能遇到自己背过的单词。那么，就背考过文章中的单词，也就是托福TPO中的词。

第二，积累单词的数量。无论你现在的词汇基础如何，都无法保证已掌握的词汇是某一门特定考试要考察的语言能力级别或题材范围里的单词。由于不同的考试涉及的文章题材不同，这些题材就决定了你的专有名词的背记。而符合该考试语言能力级别的词即高频词。实际上，官方指南OG三套题共九篇阅读文章中的生词扫清后，学生基本解决了高频词，后续做题不会大量的遇到生词。再积累个别题材的专有名词即可，而此类单词通常也不是解题关键。

第三，背单词的方法。最痛心疾首的背单词习惯是背生词列表。从真题文章中找出了生词，单独列出后苦背。单词一旦脱离了语言环境，想记住很难。即使勉强记住，放回文章中也无法准确去理解整个句子的意思。这是为什么呢?我们知道一词多义现象，一个词有一个基本含义，以此引申出其他含义。当单词离开了句子，你选择哪个含义去背记呢?大部分同学把单词列出后并不回看原文，而是随便选择一个含义去记忆，背完也不带回原句去理解是否通顺。这种方法典型的后果是，句子中的单词都能说出一个含义，但是句子整体的意思无法准确理解。由于平时缺少在上下文对单词含义进行引申的能力，考试时不敢往别处想意思，死咬住一个含义，怎么也顺不下去。说到底，是背单词列表的方法导致缺乏上下文理解能力的训练。

单词的有效背记方法是，翻译生词所在句子，通过上下文预测单词含义，选择词典中最符合的意思，并在文章中标出。带着标出的含义再次翻译句子，看是否通顺。刚背过的单词需要短时间内重复记忆，至少两天之内的早晚两个时段进行复习。此方法可并行解决词汇和语法。

关于语法

语法掌握是否熟练直接反映在做题速度上。很多同学有这样的体会，不考虑答题时间，文章都能看懂，题都能做对。一旦加上时间限制就手忙脚乱，不是做不完题，就是做题正确率下降。考试的这个时间限制其实是语法是否熟练的紧箍咒。这些同学慢慢看能看懂，说明知道语法规则。但是知道和熟悉是两回事。就像你想一会儿能叫出一个人的名字， 60分钟的考试42道题左右，平均一道题不到1.5分钟，遇见这个人想一会儿叫什么名，下个人就要擦肩而过了。

刚才说到文章中背单词的方法可以同时解决词汇和语法。句子是单词含义的背景依托，也是语法的载体。这样说好像本末倒置，考试读的不是句子吗?为什么句子成了语法训练的工具?打个比方，很多同学从小学钢琴，很多人都具有不看乐谱，就能弹奏简单歌曲的能力。那种手放在琴键上就知道往哪里走的感觉太棒了!可是当曲调复杂到记不住时，就需要学习识谱。语法就是语言的乐谱。

对于托福阅读，常见的语法现象有定语从句，主宾表同四个名词性从句，以及非谓语动词。单独一个语法现象不足以成为阅读的障碍，可托福阅读的句子常常是多个语法现象的综合体，即长难句。从句中又包含几个从句和非谓语，一个名词同时带几个后置定语等，一个主语后面出现两三个动词原形基础上的变形，谁才是真正的谓语动词。备考阶段需要有针对性，成体系的进行长难句分析的训练，训练不充分，上了考场就变成“看得慢，来不及，蒙一个”。

语法训练的核心是句子成分划分和翻译。翻译好处很多，而且十分必要。“输出”你对句子含义的理解，白纸黑字的写出来，能够保证理解的准确度，并且有助于老师有针对性的判断你的知识盲点。翻译错误的内容能够准确反映掌握不准的语法点。同时培养仔细阅读的习惯，避免考场因阅读不仔细造成的错误。实际上，所谓的不仔细，貌似是马虎问题，其实是读得慢，担心时间不够导致的草率。归根结底，还是缺乏长难句训练。更重要的是，在系统的长难句翻译练习中，你的眼球和大脑实现对长难句的快速反应，从而提高阅读速度。

然而，大部分的高中生和非英语专业的大学生，一方面高中阶段的教学大纲对非谓语动词和定语从句不做深入要求，另一方面，从未接触过此类长度和难度的句子，在开始的学习中会有畏难情绪，全靠课上老师带着练习。从教学的角度而言，手把手带着练当然违背培养学生独立解决问题的理念，但是，换个角度考虑，若是通过前期带着练使学生减少畏难情绪，在练习中逐步提高能力，进而建立起自主学习的自信和习惯，未尝不是一个好的过渡。

关于刷题

经历过词汇积累和长难句训练的能力段课程后，模考的成绩可能在23分左右。在真题阶段对题型和解题思路的学习期间，要保持眼球对阅读文章快速阅读速度的适应，要保证两天刷一套题进行模考，一直保持到考试。

对于刷题同学们有一个误区。很多同学都是做一套题忘一套。大家试想，你在备考时做过关于恐龙灭绝理论题材的文章，在文章中你积累这一话题的相关单词和背景知识，如常见的灭绝理论有，全球气候变化，小行星撞地球等，支持行星撞地球的间接证据Ir元素，直接证据陨石本身没发现，但是有陨石坑。那么，考试当天考的也是恐龙灭绝题材(TPO 5，8，15共三篇)，那么你是希望自己记住了之前做过的文章，还是希望以前读到的背景知识和相关词汇都忘光了呢?显然是恨不得记得一清二楚才好!所以我说两天才刷一套TPO，就是希望模考后有足够时间去消化本套题的三篇文章，题目分析后需要全篇内容通读，有计划复习，最终记住遇到过的生词和背景知识

托福基础阅读文章练习步骤

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。

虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右。

一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取”结构扫描“法阅读具体的一篇文章。

所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic)，是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，显著的特点是呈板块结构。

托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。

所以，采取”结构扫描"法读托福阅读文章，意味着以快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

篇8：托福阅读做题步骤

备考托福阅读须知的题型简介

词汇题：

考查读者根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力。这种题型虽难度不大，但占每篇文章后所有题目的三分之一，故考生仍应重视起来。

指代关系题：

考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能力。

考查读者认定文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。

插话题：

考查读者将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。这个题型是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展，可谓技高一筹。

要完成任务，读者必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。这是新题型，有相当难度，考生应特别重视。

事实信息题：

考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。此题型虽然有难度，数量也较大，但属于老题型。

正误判断题：

考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断题中的短语哪些是正确的，哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。

推论题：

文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，结果引出了，推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问及比较的基础是什么。

如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。

修辞目的题：

考查读者透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的。

所有的托福阅读题型都是基于文章本身的，小编建议大家在备考的时候，可以从文章入手，结合题目的特点，更加有针对性的理解和掌握，而且也不容易出

托福阅读备考的做题步骤小结

解题步骤：

托福阅读第1步：区分TOPIC/MI(黑体句)

TOPIC：概念/研究对象。(可从文章的题目看出)

MI：作者对TOPIC的看法/结论/发现/关系/描述/意图。(仅对TOPIC做解释的选项通常是错的)

托福阅读第2步：回原文定位MI.

MI：前三段的段首或者段末出现。

具有以下特点：a,转折句。(HOWEVER,BUT等) b，设问句。(自问自答) c，首段末句—》结论，科学发现。 d，因果句。 e,明显分类描述/明显数量概述/复数名词。

托福阅读第3步：各段的首句/各段的开始部分—sub idea。

筛选答案的技巧

1).MI/SI的统一改写。(概括性语言)

2).对MI的支持。支持：重现MI的完整关系，概念对应展开!

3)分清主谓宾!重点!!!

把给出的黑体字句子的主谓宾列出来~简单的列为_(主语)+_(谓语)+_(宾语)。

则可以把所有的MI句子写成一个数学的函数表示公式：

MI: F(x)=A(x[主语])+B(x[谓语])+C(x[宾语])

则那么所有的SI为MI公式的一个根：

SI:F(1)=A(1[主语的分支])+B(1[谓语动词不变或者为同义词])+C(1[宾语不变])。

则那么下面给出的6个选项只要按照SI的公式对应比较就能知道是否为正确答案，无需知道文章说了什么，只要分析选项的主谓宾是否是对MI的一个分支的扩展，并且造成的结果一样就能选出正确的答案了。

例子：

OG第一篇阅读：THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS的13-14题。

这道题的MI黑体字句子是：this passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales,porpises,and dolphins.

分析主谓宾可以知道：fossil(主语)+help to explain(谓语)+origins of cetaceans(宾)

然后看答案。

1.recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mamals and cetaceans.

很容易的划出主干： fossils(主语的分支) +helped to show(谓语动词理解一样) +the link(宾语一致)

所以1正确。

2.the discovery of A__ provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

划出主干：A_x(化石，又是MI主语的分支)+ provided evidence (谓语动词理解一样)+宾语

所以2也正确。

5.fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。

主干：fossils(MI主语的分支)+were found(因为找到所以提供的证据，帮助理解，和MI谓语动词理解一样)

所以5也正确。

托福阅读考试对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是考试时间不足，因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题，所以在考前找到一个适合自己的托福阅读方法是至关重要的。

托福阅读之如何快速定位

很多做过托福阅读的考生都有过一种郁闷的感受，那便是看了很久的托福阅读文章，掌握了很多看似有用的信息，结果一做题发现白看了半天，有用信息不多。托福阅读试题题量较大，并且无用信息占绝大多数，我们怎么能一步到位定位到关键有用的信息上呢?专家给出了一些见解。

首先，跟托福阅读试题有关的关键词往往不是一个词在战斗，这也就是为什么要说找关键词和他的小伙伴们。而很多学生会在这个时候倔强地非要找到一个单词来定位，往往是白费功夫。

那到底什么是关键词?我们先来看一类托福阅读考试中所占比重很大的题型——细节题。细节题的出题方式，OG所给的官方解释中有以下几种：

According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?

The author’s description of Xmentions which of the following?

According to the paragraph, Xoccured because…

According to the paragraph, Xdid Ybecause…

According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?

当我们将这些可能的托福阅读文章中的出题方式纵向对比去看，共同点不难发现，那就是所有的题干当中都有一个X。而这个X就是我们题干当中的主要信息点，也就是我们应该用来定位的关键词。

当然，有时候我们并不需要用整个X来定位，X当中某些部分，例如专有名词，时间地点，等等，可以帮助我们快速准确地定位回原文。

除了用题干的信息定位，考生还常常会碰到用选项定位的情况。选项定位和题干定位大体的原则是一样的，但选项定位有这样一个特殊的地方——我们可以用“绝对性”单词去定位。什么叫做绝对性单词?顾名思义就是那些表达意义较为绝对的单词，常见的有best, only等等。这种定位方式仅适用于选项定位，因为选项通常较短，信息较单一，便于排除。

做托福阅读试题的时候切忌一点一点研究文中所有词的意思，一定要懂得抓住关键，托福阅读文章的关键词定位是做好托福阅读的重中之重。在平时的阅读练习中一定要多多总结自己学到的方法来解决问题，一味的白用功是不会对提高成绩有所帮助的。

篇9：托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍

托福阅读考试时间分配细节介绍合理用时才能确保做完题目

托福阅读做题顺序建议边看边做

大部分考生都会有如此的一个习惯，首先是把托福阅读文章通读一遍，而后又去看题目。如此做的考生并非是你的阅读水平极高的话，提醒大家别如此做，由于若你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，也许你的阅读文章将耗尽你大多数的时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。

但此方法并非是绝对不可取，若这篇文章是你原来就已经读过的，即使你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;另外还有一种就是前面提及的，你的阅读水平极高，能够轻松的应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法就宣布你的“死刑”。

托福阅读每篇文章都要分配固定时间

通常不会碰到加试的情况下，那么你有60分钟(8月起缩短为54分钟)用来应对3篇700字左右的文章，还有30道左右的题目。如此若你根据18分钟一篇文章来解题的话，如此时间刚好是54分钟。但考生们还必须要清楚的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不相同的，若前面的文章偏难一些情况下，如此大家会有更多的时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但若前面的文章题目较简单你一样是可以使用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。

因此小编大家在托福阅读考试时第一篇阅读做题时最好别超过18分钟。如此你的时间是否真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到时你后面的题目依然是并未来得及看就只能靠猜了，而这么做的正确率将会大打折扣。

托福阅读极速阅读方法练习

Part I：极速词法

1、maybe adv. 也许; 2、don’t know what to say不知道该说什么好;

3、shouldn’t have done sth.不该做(已经做了的)事情;

4、awfully sorry 非常抱歉; 5、realize vt. 意识到;

6、care about在意; 7、slept vi. 睡觉(sleep的过去时和过去分词);

8、the World Cup世界杯; 9、turn on打开(电器);

10、regret vt. 后悔; 11、sleepy adj. 困倦的;

12、for one’s good为某人好; 13、fall in love恋爱，坠入爱河;

14、purse n. 钱夹; 15、lie to sb.对某人撒谎;

16、lap-top笔记本电脑; 17、first prize 一等奖;

18、deserve vt.(好事)应该得到的，(坏事)活该

Part II：极速句法

对话1

Mary:John, did you tell Susan that I am 26 years old?

John:Oh, well, maybe. I don’t remember very well now.

Mary:John, well, I really don’t know what to say, but you shouldn’t have told her about my age.

John:I’m awfully sorry for that, Mary. I would never do that again.

Mary:Well, in fact, I shouldn’t have told you about my age.

John:I really didn’t realize that you would care so much about it.

Mary:Who doesn’t care?

John:I don’t know, but I don’t myself.

Mary:Well, you’re really different!

对话2

Kathy:You look tired. You must not have slept well last night.

Jim:No, I didn’t. As a matter of fact, I only slept for 1 hour.

Kathy:You shouldn’t have slept so little.

Jim:But the World Cup football match was so exciting.

Kathy:But you would have to come to class today. In fact, you shouldn’t have even turned on the TV.

Jim:Now I really regret it. Oh, I’m so sleepy!

Kathy:You deserve it!

Jim:Come on, Kathy, you shouldn’t have said that. You aren’t my mother, are you?

Kathy:No, I’m not, but I’m saying all these for your good.

精美语句

1.I really don’t know what to say, but you shouldn’t have given him the money.

2.I shouldn’t have ever believed her.

3.I should have told her about it.

4.He should have come to me for help.

5.I should have worked harder.

6.I should have read more books.

7.I shouldn’t have fallen in love so young.

8.You should have told me earlier.

9.We shouldn’t have come here.

10.We should have called him before we left.

11.It’s wet on the ground. It must have rained just now.

12.The light in her room is out. She must have gone to bed.

13.I can’t find my purse. It was on my bed. Someone must have taken it.

14.He must have already known that you had lied to him.

15.Someone must have taken away my lap-top.

16.I really regret saying that to her.

17.Do you regret marrying me?

18.If you do it, you’ll regret it.

19.I would never regret being an English teacher.

20.I won the first prize!—You deserve it.

托福阅读：美国历史背景

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock &roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country.

The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

篇10：雅思考试如何分配阅读时间

如何分配雅思阅读时间

雅思阅读题材内容十分丰富，社会历史类题材占据比例很大，达到了25%，内容包含有电报的发展史，澳大利亚初期殖民地与早期城市建设等。

另外的雅思阅读题材包含是科学技术类，考察的内容主要是氟化物，植物净水，谷物合成塑料，太空图像以及语音的应用等，关于此类题材有许多的专业术语，有一定背景知识还可以帮助对于文章的整体把握。把这两大类题材除外，动植物与商业管理类题材会紧随其后，占据的比较都是13%。动物类出现的内容一般是动物习性及行为研究，例如澳洲野狗，水獭 (Otters)，塔斯马尼亚虎(Tasmanian Tiger)，生物的模仿行为(Copy your neighbor)等。

商业管理类牵涉有广告营销，贸易，员工管理以及多任务处理管理等内容。

除此之外，文化艺术类，人类研究类，教育心理类以及医疗健康类出现频次相对会更加的小，占据的比较都不会超过10%。

其实这样大家能看出雅思阅读从文章题材上，题材涵盖面十分的广泛，社会历史类，科学类，动植物类以及商业管理类占据比较大。建议考生们多注意相关话题词汇的积累，把以前的机经除外，能够通过多看纪录片，社科文章等增加一些阅读量和背景知识，全面提高英语综合水平。

题海战术要不得备考雅思阅读不能只顾做真题

中国考生容易走入的一个误区就是把备考雅思阅读等同于雅思阅读做题。

当然，基本的做题训练是必须的，但是盲目进行题海战术却不是个可取的方法。怎样在有限的备考时间里面准确有效的去做是我们值得考察的话题。

首先，在素材的选择上。很多误入题海的中国考生不太善于归纳。

我们说雅思考试作为一个成熟的考试系统，有自己特定的素材选择角度和内容。那么考生在去做题目的过程中首先不能盲目地文章就拿过来做，这样一来备考的效率就会大大降低。

因为雅思考试所涉及的人文社科及自然科学两大类的文章当中，有部分话题的文章是经常出现的，如人文社科类的儿童教育、拯救语言等话题，自然科学类的蝴蝶农场、温室效应等等话题。

这些常考话题是需要考生归纳整理的，在总结出频率较高的文章背景之后，考生在选择文章的时候就要按照总结的高频话题去进行选择。

除去高频的“老牌”文章之外，广大考生还需要注意的就是近期出现的新文章背景。

重中之重肯定是这些文章背景当中那些自己不了解的内容，比如东京塔、钱币的发展史等等。当然，在拿这些文章去练习的时候也要采取精读的方式，认真了解相关的背景知识和相关专业词汇。

除去对于文章背景素材的选择外，建议考生在备考过程中的练习还需要关注题型。

雅思学术类阅读分为十大题型:

Multiple Choice;

Short-answer questions;

Sentence Completion;

Notes,Summary or Table/Flow-chart Completion;

Labelling a Diagram;

Headings;

Locating Information;

Identification of Writer‘s Views/Claims or of Information in a Text;

Classification;Matching

这里面的绝大多数题型和中国考生所熟悉的四六级考试或者国内英语考试都有很大的不同，所以，考生在备考的时候要尤其注意。

雅思阅读考场的应试策略

第一步：考生拿到阅读试卷后应该首先应该闭上眼睛，稳定一下自己的情绪。因为很多考生反映由于做听力时过于兴奋，在阅读考试时无法稳定自己的情绪，结果导致阅读考试时十八般武艺未充分发挥。在此也提醒考生，切勿在考官喊“开始”之前翻开试卷答题。因为这将被考官视为作弊，有的考生被直接赶出考场，取消其考试资格;还有的考生被考官记下名字，并在名字后注明“扣一分”;当然也有考生比较幸运，考官虽然记下其名字，但后来却未算其作弊;因为怎样惩罚考生有是取决于很多因素的，如考官心情、性格等。

第二步：待考官说“开始”后，考生们要做的是浏览三篇文章的文章标题，看自己对哪篇文章的话题最为熟悉，然后选择最为熟悉的一篇开始做。有的考生按照试卷给出的文章的顺序依次做，结果第二篇文章的话题是其最陌生的，结果考生花费25分钟来做题，但有的题目依然未找到答案，结果导致第三篇文章虽然狂简单，但时间不够，最后剩的几道题只能猜答案，结果可想而知。

其实阅读考试的答题时间是60分钟，每篇文章要求是用20分钟，但并未规定三篇文章要先做哪篇;并且雅思阅读文章涉及的都是大众科学，对于熟悉的话题，有的题目可以直接利用常识做出，根本不用看文章，如剑7 Ant Intelligence中的判断和摘要、剑 5 Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass 中的摘要及剑六The Search for the Anti-aging Pill中的配对题;对于熟悉话题的文章，题目不用20分钟就可以完成，这样就可以把时间留给话题最不熟悉，最难的那一篇。(提醒考生，如果有的文章没有标题或标题不理解，旁边会有插图帮助理解)

第三步：在判断好先做哪篇文章之后，下面要决定的就是先做哪种题型了。我们对要考到6.5分以上并且基础好的考生和最多要考到6分并且基础差的考生有不同的建议。

最多只要考到6分并且基础差的考生：建议考生在题目中先搜索最简单的题目即送分题(流程题、填图题、表格题、简答题、完成句子题)去做，然后再找自己有把握性的题型去做，也就是遵循由易到难的题型原则，最后对于那些难题，利用老师讲过的捷径去做即可;而不是按照考卷所给出的题型顺序去做，因为往往考卷给出题型的难度通常是由大到小，考生即使先做难题，效果也不会很好，而且浪费时间，导致送分题没时间做。同时提醒考生们注意，在定位时送分题的对应信息往往出现在文章后几段。

要考到6.5分以上并且基础好的考生：建议这部分考生按照考卷所给出的题型顺序去做题。因为要考到高分对较高的正确率有要求，而且这部分考生基础较好，具备了对付难题的能力;同时，难题如标题配对题和其他简单题型的考察点不同，也就是说，标题配对题考察考生把握整体信息、归纳总结的能力，而其他题型考察考生定位具体信息并理解的能力。如果考生先做标题配对题，对文章脉络和整体信息已经有所把握，在做其他题型时，一方面可以迅速定位，另一方面有的题型可以直接确定答案，而无需回原文定位。当然对于某题型中的难题，考虑到考试时间限制，还是建议考生先放弃，最后有时间再返回攻克它。

第四步：在接下来的做题过程中，建议考生：

首先看题目说明，因为雅思题目说明中会有陷阱和线索。如判断题就比较阴险，它会有两种题目要求：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN和YES/NO/NOT GIVEN;很多考生答题时不细心就会把TRUE写成YES，那这道题就白做了。而其他题型中如摘要题中又会有线索，如：complete the summary of the last two paragraphs;这就给考生提供了题目在原文中对应内容的范围，找答案就相当容易了。另外有的题型如细节配对题和在给定单词中选答案的摘要题的题目说明中会给出：NB Any letter can be used more than once;这就提示考生答案会有重复使用的状况。

接下来考生要读题目，判断好题目类型，因为题型不同，特点和做题技巧就不同。判断好题型后，考生们则需要在题目中划定位词。

然后就是在文章中定位了(标题配对题除外，除非用捷径)。定位时要注意，定位词在原文中会“36变”，也就是说定位词在原文出现的形式有很多种：原词(仅限定位词为专有名词、专业术语和物质名词)、同义词/短语、近义词/短语、上义词、下义词、反义词的否定形式等。所以考生决不能总想着找原词，同时考生们应该在平时增加词汇的积累，运用词群记忆法来记忆单词。

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