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GRE阅读有难度的题目怎么解答

篇1:GRE阅读有难度的题目怎么解答

GRE阅读有难度的题目怎么解答

许多国内考生在做阅读题时,都会面临很尴尬的境地。有些是因为不认识单词,有些是认识词却读不懂文章。首先丰富的词汇量是保证读懂文章的基础,对于单词生疏的考生来讲,只能怪自己平时努力不够,尤其是生僻词汇的积累不够。GRE考试要掌握1.8万左右的词汇,学生在复习词汇时要制定好详细的计划,每天要背会多少单词,必须当日完成。总之最重要的是持之以恒,“三天打鱼,两天晒网”是不行的。

坚持背完第一遍的GRE词汇后,要每天快速的翻几遍书,尤其是对于生僻词汇和难记词汇要反复看,加深记忆。有好习惯的同学经常在空闲的时候翻一翻随身的笔记本或单词书,有些同学对此不以为然,但往往是小小的差距演变为巨大的差异。

而有些考生在平时很努力的背单词,GRE的考试词汇早已烂熟于心,但是还是读不懂文章。究其原因是因为同学们对语法的掌握不够和语感欠缺。有些同学不会背单词,只记住单词的意思,却忽略其在具体语境中的应用,要知道英语和我们的汉语是一样的,同一个词在不同的语境中的含义是不同的,这就需要考生在阅读文章时学会承上启下,进行推敲分析,才能真正把握文章的主旨,在做题时才不会偏离主题。

而语感的培养和背单词一样,要靠平时的积累。考生至少每天阅读一篇英语文章,每天坚持读三遍。而且在考试题中往往有很多的试题涉及到美国的文学和历史,建议多阅读些关于美国历史和文学方面的书籍。通过阅读,不仅有利于语感的培养,而且对逻辑写作也有很大帮助。

GRE阅读材料练习:树木的年轮判断其年龄

Not always the ring of truth.The use of wood to assess past environments needs care.TREE rings are Mother Nature's history books.Researchers often look at chemicals stored in them when trying to reconstruct past environments.Like all history books, though, they can be unreliable.And in the case of one particular chemical of interest, mercury, Jose Antonio Rodriguez Martin of the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, in Madrid, and his colleagues have just shown how unreliable they are.

年轮不一定反映事实通过树木判断过去的环境时要小心了年轮是大自然的史书。在试图重现过去的环境时,研究人员经常会从年轮中所含的化学物质入手。然而就和所有的史书一样,年轮也并不怎么靠谱。通过其关注的一个特别的化学物质-汞,西班牙国家农业与食物研究及技术学会的何塞·安东尼奥·罗德里格斯·马丁及其同事便刚刚证明了年轮多么不靠谱。

Dr Rodriguez Martin was studying pines on La Palma, in the Canary Islands.He knew that Hoyo Negro, one of the island's volcanoes, had erupted violently in 1949, and believed that the clouds of ash and explosive ejections of rock from the eruption had destroyed all of the pines nearby.However, as he describes in Naturwissenschaften, when he and his team examined the area, they were stunned to discover a revenant from this cataclysm just 50 metres from the crater.

罗德里格斯·马丁博士一直在研究拉帕尔马岛上的松树。他知道该岛上的霍约内格罗火山曾于1949年发生过剧烈喷发,并认为喷发产生的火山灰及迸散的岩石摧毁了附近所有的松树。然而,正如他在《自然科学》杂志上所说,当他和自己的团队对该区域进行调查时,在离火山口仅50米的地方发现了一棵劫后余生的松树,让他们震惊不已。

Like a battle-scarred soldier, this now-great pine had many half-healed wounds in its trunk.It had survived those. It did not, however, survive Dr Rodriguez Martin's axe.He reluctantly felled it and, for comparison, collected a tree of similar age that was growing 400 metres from the eruption site, and another that was 16km away.

One unpleasant element often ejected in volcanic eruptions is mercury.That was certainly the case in 1949, as soil-sampling showed.

就像一名身经百战的士兵,这棵现已长成参天大树的松树的树干上疤痕累累。这些伤口没让它倒下,但却没有逃过罗德里格斯·马丁博士的斧头。罗德里格斯·马丁博士忍痛将它放倒,并分别从离喷发点400米及16千米处砍倒两棵与其树龄相同的松树进行比较。火山喷发时经常会喷 射出一种不怎么好的元素-汞。正如土壤采样所示,1949年的火山喷发确实释放出了汞元素。

The question was, how much of it had got into the trees·Mercury falling.When he analysed the survivor's scar tissue Dr Rodriguez Martin found high levels of the metal in it:more than 22 micrograms per kilogram of wood.That was not surprising, given that this tissue would have formed soon after the eruption.What was surprising was that the wood of the survivor tree's rings had only 2.3 micrograms of mercury per kilogram in it.

但问题是,有多少进入了树体中?脱落的汞当罗德里格斯·马丁博士分析了这棵幸存的树上的疤痕组织后,他发现其中的汞元素含量很高:每公斤木材中超过22毫克。这并不出人意料,因为该组织是在火山喷发不久后形成的。出人意料的是这棵幸存的树中年轮的木质中每公斤仅含2.3毫克汞。

More surprising still, the rings of the other two trees were mercury-free, despite there being mercury in nearby soil.Tree rings are made of tissue called xylem.This is a set of channels that carry water and minerals from the soil to the leaves, so its composition might be expected to reflect what is in the soil.A second set of channels, the phloem, found just under a tree's bark, carries the products of photosynthesis to the roots.

更让人大跌眼镜的是,其他两棵书的年轮中汞含量为零,尽管其附近的土壤中含有汞。构成年轮的组织被称为木质部。这是从土壤中将水合矿物质输送至叶片的一组通道,所以其组分应该能够反映出土壤中的组分。第二组通道叫韧皮部,就长在树皮之下,它将光合作用的产物输送到树的根部。

This tissue, however, is not preserved from year to year.When Dr Rodriguez Martin sampled the phloem of the trees he had chopped down, he found it much richer in mercury than their xylem.Phloem from the tree at the eruption site had 9.5 micrograms of the metal per kilogramThe two more distant trees had 2.9 and 2.0 respectively.The explanation for the discrepancy lay in the trees' bark.

然而该组织每年都会更新。罗德里格斯·马丁博士对被他砍倒的树的韧皮部采样后,他发现韧皮部的汞含量比木质部的要高。位于喷发点的树上的韧皮部中每千克含有9.5毫克汞。另外两棵较远的树的韧皮部每千克汞含量分别为2.9及2.0。产生这种差异的原因就藏在树皮之中。

This had similar mercury levels to the phloem.What Dr Rodriguez Martin reckons is going on is that trees are using their bark, which they shed continually, as a waste-disposal system.Mercury is carried there by the phloem and selectively deposited in it, rather than in the plants' more permanent parts.The metal is then got rid of when the bark is sloughed off.

树皮的汞含量与韧皮部相近。罗德里格斯·马丁博士认为是这么回事:树木将其不断脱落树皮当做一种废物处理系统。汞通过韧皮部被转运到树皮中,有选择性地在其中沉积,而非在自己不易更新的部位沉积。然后当树皮脱落时,其中的汞也随之被除去。

That makes it invisible to researchers who come along later. What happens to mercury, moreover, might well happen to other toxic materials.That could throw the calculations of palaeoecologists severely out of kilter.All of which is a caution to those who read the Book of Tree Rings for clues to what happened in the past.Trees, it seems, are as good as rewriting history as people are.

这使随后而来的研究人员无法发现汞的存在。而且,在汞身上出现的情况很可能也会出现在其他有毒物质上。这会让古生态学家的推测严重失准。对于那些在年轮史书中寻找线索来了解过去发生了什么的人来说,所有这些都是一个警示。树木,似乎和人一样精于改写历史。

篇2:怎样快速解答GRE阅读题目

怎样快速解答GRE阅读题目?4招轻松搞定

1、措辞

对于这个考试来说,学术化就是最大的纲,也是它迥异于托福、雅思。雅思托福的命题目的是生活化,而对于GRE来说,学术化代表着措辞的规范和温和。考生要注意的,文章里面的事实都是与我们学术生活共时的,对于过去的追忆和反现实的虚拟状态,都是非常明显的潜在出题点。尤其是虚拟语气,往往表示应然而非然之状态,很有可能出现负评价,以态度题的方式考察。

一切过分极端的言辞,如绝对的说法,大多数,比较级尤其是强烈比较级,在文章里要注意。还有一种也是强烈的对比的标志,就是以大写字母标注的时间,指明某时之前或之后,我们称之为时间强对比。

总结之,即是三大关系,强对比,因果以及转折。表示这些关系的连词,一律要注意,最好做出标记。而对于题目来说,考生要注意以上说法是在哪里出现,如果文章有这些强烈的措辞,那么题目当中对应这些段落的选项也有,就很可能是对的,如果选项出现而文章的相应位置没有,则该选项必错。

2、态度

主题题,态度题如何解决呢?首先我们需要了解GRE的评价体系。

对于激进的( 进化论)左的(马列)上纲上线的,通常不与支持,对于以政治干涉学术,尤其反对。对于歧视弱者,损害弱者尤其反对,弱者恒强。 Should, must, should have 等词也是负评价。选项中极端的,进行人生攻击的,模棱两可的,谄媚的,马上排除,因为这是学术考试。选项过分极端的副词,也要小心,如表示绝对的言辞。

3、文章

诸生读此类文章最大误区在于试图读懂,考试只有13-15分钟时间做题,文章不是用来读懂的,对待难句最好的办法是考虑怎么不读、少读。学术文章特点就是规范,层次清晰,主题明确。我们一定要读出套路,尤其是文章观点的数量,这个直接关系到主题题怎么出。

我们要把每段的层次的连词标记出来,我们还要知道每个层次的主题词是什么,周围有没有否定词(改善题),有没有褒贬的词(态度题,应用题)。至于例子,也可以考虑不读或者少读,因为GRE阅读重点考观点,以观点记例子,以观点分层次,以观点分逻辑关系。

4、看题

首先记住,先文后题。道理很简单,你直接读题,根本读不懂。所以很重要的是搞明白两个问题,这个题目对应文章那个层次,考的是观点还是例子。题型很重要,意义在于告诉你正确选项的特征的如何定位。

如果大家在备考GRE阅读考试的过程中能够对相应的方法和技巧进行集中的复习和备考,大家在考场上就会有更加轻松的发挥。小编提醒大家,加快阅读文章的速度和解题的速度是并行的,所以可以双管齐下。

GRE阅读每日精选例题练习

例题:

In Hardy‘s novels, various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance.Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author‘s literary worth—was certain to become verbose. (167 words)

3. Which of the following words could best be substituted for “relaxed“ (line 13) without substantially changing the author‘s meaning?

(A) informal

(B) confined

(C) risky

(D) wordy

(E) metaphoric

4. The passage supplies information to suggest that its author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the novelists Flaubert and James?

(A) They indulged more impulses in their novels than did Hardy in his novels.

(B) They have elicited a greater degree of favorable response from most literary critics than has Hardy.

(C) In the writing of their novels, they often took pains to effect a compromise among their various novelistic impulses.

(D) Regarding novelistic construction, they cared more about the opinions of other novelists than about the opinions of ordinary readers.

(E) They wrote novels in which the impulse toward realism and the impulse away from realism were evident in equal measure.

5. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage (”Thus…abstractly“)?

(A) The author makes a disapproving observation and then presents two cases, one of which leads to a qualification of his disapproval and the other of which does not.

(B) The author draws a conclusion from a previous statement, explains his conclusion in detail, and then gives a series of examples that have the effect of resolving an inconsistency.

(C) The author concedes a point and then makes a counterargument, using an extended comparison and contrast that qualifies his original concession.

(D) The author makes a judgment, points out an exception to his judgment, and then contradicts his original assertion.

(E) The author summarizes and explains an argument and then advances a brief history of opposing arguments.

GRE备考长难句分析:feminist movement

In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement,historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3+)

在很大程度上,由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故,史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力,来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on B;

难句类型:倒装

解释:focus A on B指把A集中于B,本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装,正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。

GRE阅读可能遇到的长难句分析

Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. (4)注意:bring A to B ——〉bring to B A

《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说,在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品,如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊(James Weldon Johnson)的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》(Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man)。

难句类型:倒装

解释:在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装,bring A to B被倒装为bring to B A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻,正常的语序应该如下:bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process.

篇3:GRE阅读长难句解答对策

初步读完这句话我们发现这个句子的难句类型是:复杂修饰+插入语+抽象词,其中插入语是理解这个句子的关键。

(1)Islamic law (2)is a (3)phenomenon (4)so different from all other forms of law---notwithstanding, of course,(5)(it has) (6)a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them /(7)as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned/---(8)that its study is indispensable (9)in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。

对句子标记后我们可以逐一分析各个成分:

Step1:找主谓

1. 不难发现整个句子的主语就是Islamic law,即伊斯兰法

2. is为整个句子的谓语

3. phenomenon作为整个句子的宾语

从1、2、3我们可以分析出:

1+2+3=句子的主干:伊斯兰的法律是一个法律现象:Islamic law is a phenomenon

Step2:分析句子中的插入语

4. 我们需要注意的是notwithstanding这个词,句子中的插入语之所以比较难懂的主要一个原因在于对notwithstanding的理解,notwithstanding作为介词,相当于in spite of(不管,不顾,尽管),这对于大多数考生来说是陌生的。

5. 这里加上省略的it has使得句子更加清楚易懂

6. 这一部分是对主语Islamic law的解释说明,即“伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处。

7. as far as表示“至于,就.。.而言”

8. 整句话中贯穿了so...that句型

9. in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。这句话中包含一个倒装,正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词adequately被提到appreciate的宾语之前。

Step3:对整句话有个大概的中文翻译的印象

译文:

伊斯兰法是一个与其他所有形式的法律都如此之不同的法律现象---尽管,当然,/从其涉及的内容和实际实施的角度来看/,伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处---以至于对于它的研究是不可缺少的,这样才能充分地理解所有可能的法律现象的全部范围。

新GRE阅读长难句结

从分析结果来看插入语的内容对理解文章基本没有什么作用,其实这句话中的插入语根本不用读,也可以根据插入语前后的内容猜出其意思:插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同,插入部分以notwithstanding开头,又有of course,可见插入部分一定是让步语气,因此可以对前后的内容取非,猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。所以,如果遇到很长的插入语最好跳过,看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。

GRE阅读:怎样培养习惯

要点一:在难巨资进行的GRE阅读和训练中,只以在大脑中反映出所读英文的意思(不是中文释意)为唯一目的。

a、意群训练:以几个相邻的表示同类意思的词为阅读的对象,而不是单个的单词。同时避免发声阅读,克服内心的声音和喉头与嘴唇的颤动,关键是:

要点二:眼睛在阅读材料上移动的速度要比自己在心中或喉头出生阅读的速度要快

b、不回视训练:保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力,避免回视,关键是:

要点三:在阅读文章时,都要注意整句的回视现象,坚持一遍就都下来

c、合理化训练:根据文章中得上下文的逻辑推理,将不懂得地方进行合理推理。

要点四:凡遇到不懂得地方,就用合理化推理进行推理

d、速度与理解力的平衡点训练:

要点五:贵在坚持,不可半途而废。

其实,新GRE阅读备考绝非不可攻克,只要训练方法得当,并且能更每天半小时左右进行练习,GRE阅读完全可以在一个月甚至几周内被攻破。

GRE阅读:解析倒装句

在GRE阅读中,考生往往会因为倒装结构的不清晰导致无法理顺整个句子的结构与来龙去脉,所谓倒装也就是为了实现强调句子的某个成分对原有句子结构进行的语言顺序上的某些调整和变化。某些情况往往说话人也会为了某种修辞目的采用倒装结构,修辞目的的倒装结构以文学作品居多。通常在考试的情况下,试题命题人往往会出于某种迷惑考生的目的,有意将句子结构进行改写,在GRE阅读的很多文章中我们都可以发现这种情况。下面我们就结合几个典型的实例来对倒装结构进行分析常见倒装搭配的几种情况:

及物动词加介词:固定词组的固定搭配中,经常出现倒装情况。

例如:bring A to B,写作:Bring to B A例:Yet Walter’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

翻译:然而,沃尔泽的论点,无论它不充分到何种地步,确实揭示了资本主义体制中最为严重的一个弱点,即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫位置,这类人无论以怎样合法的手段获得了其物质报酬,却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质。

如果从bring A to B的角度去分析这个句子,则这个句子应该将people who....or admiration写到it brings 后面,之所以原句子不这样做,则遵循了英语的句尾信息焦点原则,从而尾部信息成为一种受到强调的部位.根据这条原则,说话人要强调什么意思,便可以让他出现在句子的句尾,而传递的信息便主次分明了.句尾信息焦点和“尾重”原则就是采用这一原理.对比下面这两句话:

The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.

The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.

这两个句子的意思都是病人受到了很好的照顾,很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复的速度,而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。

另外上面的第一个例句中的倒装部分还考虑了一个因素,那就是使之读起来不至于让人产生头重脚轻的感觉,而”people who....or admiration“带有一个较长的定语从句,所以就放在了末尾,另外作者在本句中所强调的部分显然是”often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration,却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质“另外”no matter how......material rewards“为本句当中的一个插入语成分。

篇4:巧用虚拟语气解答GRE阅读题

巧用虚拟语气解答GRE阅读题

(1) 对虚拟语气的敏感性

若在文章中看到虚拟语气,考虑直接取非反义理解,迅速把握作者态度。如下面这句话:

例一:Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense. (选自N0.6题第一套section 1短文章)

这句话看似很长,翻译成为中文的意思是:“有些科学家认为,就像人类采用恒星和行星来定位一样,候鸟或许也是采用天体的导航才得以确定它们所处的地理位置,但这要求这类动物具有令人难以置信的地图感。”中文读过去都让人头疼。其实我们用虚拟语气取非的思想来处理,其要表达的意思就很简单,对前半句话取非,说白了就是前半句话是行不通的,也就是“migrants cannot determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation。”可以知道作者对这种解释持负评价。GRE考试场次大比较高分考生亲授报名时间选择技巧

我们再来看个例子:

例二:According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness—or ability to propagate her genes—by hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queen’s。(选自国内题1993年10月考题section 5短文章)

这句话也是虚拟语气,我们直接取反理解,作者想要表达的就是“a worker will not enhance her …”

运用这种取非的思想我们可以迅速的把握作者的态度,以及作者想要表达的真实意思。就不用先翻译成绕口的中文,再拼命的思索其中的含义,可以有效地为考试争取时间。

(2) 如何运用虚拟语气

在题干中看到虚拟语气,大多需要用到取非思想,与之相对应的一种题型是GRE阅读题中常见的一种,叫做“改进型取非题”。看例子之前,先简单解释下什么是“改进型取非题”。很简单,如果题干问“如果一个对象怎样会更好”则是改进型取非题,来看具体的例子:

例:It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories”of grazer control mentioned in line 3 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(选自NO.6第二套section 1长文章),这是一个典型的改进型取非题题干,问的是第三行第一个理论怎样会更好。

逻辑思路:既然是改进,原文肯定说到了它的不好之处或者有unless的句子,我们把造成不好的原因取非,就是所要的答案了。

按照此思路定位原文三行,看到后面有这样一句话“A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae。”注意看插入语部分的“but did not prove”,这个就是缺点,取非就是“prove”再看五个选项:

(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions

(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton

(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

一眼扫过去就只有一个选项在讲证明,就是D中的verifiable。所以答案选D。很快解完此题。

(3) 虚拟语气的作用

取非的思路除了可以在虚拟语气中使用,还可以在另一种逻辑关系中使用,就是强对比的关系,也就是GRE阅读题中另一种常考题型“强对比互取非题”,其主要特点是:原文中有强对比的双方,题干只问及其中一方,答案是对另一方叙述的取非;或者题干和原文存在强对比要素,如典型的时间要素,答案也是对原文的叙述取非。

来看个简单的例子,

例:The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following(选自NO.6第三套section 4 长文章)

思路:在题干中看到了1950’s,第一反应就是要回原文定位,发现原文只讲到了“in the early 1950’s”并没有“before”,这显然就是时间上一个取非的关系,我们把in the early 1950’s干的事情取个非,就是之前干的事情。答案就很好选了,在此不举出来了。

gre 阅读虚拟语气中这个思路很好理解,比如说“我1995年第一次去北京。”很显然,1995年以前我就没有去过北京。这就是时间状语的取非。其它的强对比关系(如处于相对低于空间的事物通常其特点呈强对比;新事物、新观点和旧事物、传统观点呈强对比;用最高级、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同类事物的特征呈强对比等),相信考生可以一眼看出。

GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析

P1

Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.

Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people — a charter minority on our own land.

When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.

This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.

In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.

As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.

The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.

Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)

1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to

(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas

(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society

(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture

(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history

(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans

2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans

(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States

(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States

(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship

(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture

(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage

3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?

(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.

(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.

(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.

(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.

(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.

P2

The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.

Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.

Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.

And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.

Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.

Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.

Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.

An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.

Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.

Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.

The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.

It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.

However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.

An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.

The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore.

Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)

4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentence in the last paragraph in order to

(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources

(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations

(C) show the need for using high smelting temperatures

(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition

(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?

□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact

□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore

□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore

6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when

(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore

(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore

(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporates during processing

(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore

GRE阅读有难度的题目怎么解答(E) other metals are added during processing

1

Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.

传统的对墨西哥裔美国人文化的研究,一直以来只注意墨西哥和美国视角的解读。

2

Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people — a charter minority on our own land.

现在我们也必须从墨西哥裔美国人的历史经验出发考察这种文化,从自治到成为一国的国民,从新登陆的开拓者到被征服者——这片土地上的少数族群。

3

When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.

西班牙人刚到墨西哥就与当地人通婚,并吸收了当地的印第安文化。

4

This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.

这种文化融合的政策,在18代早期墨西哥扩展到德州时仍在发挥作用,(德州)当地的印第安人也就得以进入墨西哥人的生活与治理。

5

In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.

18代,美国人迁徙到德州,发现这片土地很适合种棉花。

6

As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.

美国人越来越多,他们的政策转而以强征当地人的土地为主。

7

The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.

两种意识形态不断冲突,最终爆发了武装冲突,以美国的胜利告终。

8

Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)

因此,当地人失去了原有的文化,不得不发展出一种墨西哥裔美国人的思维和行为方式,以图生存。

1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to

(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas

(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society

(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture

(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history

(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans

选C

A 暗示了墨西哥和美国干涉德州事物背后的动机,搞笑

B 记录了墨美社会特定的早期目标,瞎聊

C 提供了一种新的分析墨美文化的史学观点,正确项,句1,2

D 呼吁墨西哥和美国的学者更重视从经济角度解释历史,瞎聊

E 揭示了一直被忽略的关于墨美人的研究,瞎聊

2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans

(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States

(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States

(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship

(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture

(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage

选A

挺精致的一题。

charter 我们在很早以前的一个填空题里讲过 “黄热病肆虐北美,以至于费城 lost its charter ”,charter 是指英国颁发给海外殖民者,建立城市的特许状,其中规定了殖民城市所拥有的武装、税收等权力。

结合本段内容,墨西哥人是西班牙人加南美土著,他们来到德州,接纳了德州当地的土著,这些人相处是比较融洽的,他们通婚,文化上也融合。

但这群倒霉蛋后来碰上来种棉花的美国人,美国人就不那么友好了,通过武力强抢当地人的土地。那么一旦建立了 Texas ,美国人的 charter 是不太可能保障前者的权益的,他们在这个新建立的政权中,自然就成了少数派 minority 。

A 墨美人是当地人,而不是外来族群

B 墨美人在墨西哥时期的德州是统治阶层的一部分,美国人来了就不是了

C 十九世纪早期,是个非常模糊的范围,1800年其实是承认当地人权力的,1820年代美国人来了,情况开始转变,所以这个描述不清晰,不选

D 不能看出其他学者 misunderstood 了,也可能只是忽略了

E 看不出与西班牙更近还是印第安人更近,更类似于联合政府,西班牙换成美国就对了

3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?

(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.

(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.

(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.

(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.

(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.

选E

A 不一定,文中没说加州的事,无法判断

B quadurpled 四倍于,不能判断

C 墨西哥统治德州以前,当地人就与西班牙裔通婚,不能判断

D 美国吞并德州,很多墨西哥人逃回墨西哥,不能判断

E 多数印第安人反抗西班牙人的文化融合政策,被杀被奴役,这个正好说反了,是美国人动粗的,墨西哥统治德州时,当地人的待遇不错,还能参与城市管理,见句4

P2

1

The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.

了解青铜时代的文明如何确定用来制造铜和青铜制品的铜矿石,会极大地帮助我们了解那个时代文明间的交流和贸易。

2

Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.

研究者们已经分析过这些制品和矿石中各元素的含量,但由于种.种原因,这些研究大多不能为铜的来源提供证据。

3

Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.

一处矿脉中的元素构成可能有差异,通常是因为混入了不同含量的其他元素,特别是铁,铅,锌,砷。

4

And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.

而在某些制品中可以观察到,某些铜矿石来源中钴或锌的含量高。

5

Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.

而且,矿石的生产工艺显示,炼制出的金属中的微量元素含量的变化无法有效控制。

6

Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.

有些元素在熔炼和锻造过程中蒸发;不同的温度和工艺过程造成不同程度的损耗。

7

Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.

最后,熔剂,加入到熔炼过程中用来从矿石中去除废料的一种物质,也会在成品中混入一定量的其他元素。

8

An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.

经过这些化学工艺,一个不变的性质是矿石中每种金属元素的同位素构成比例。

9

Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.

同位素构成,是某元素的一份样品中各种同位素所占的百分比,所以它特别适合作为鉴定矿石来源的指标。

10

Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.

当然,为了完成测定有必要找到这样一种元素,它在一块矿石中的同位素构成比例或多或少是稳定的,但在不同矿石,或不同地域出产的矿石中它的比例互相区别。

11

The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.

当我们用同位素构成比例来调查铜矿石来源,理想的选择,似乎就是铜本身。

12

It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.

我们已经知道铜的同位素构成在自然情况下会发生小但可测量的变化。

13

However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.

然而,这种改变只有在稀有矿石中才足够大(可测量);普通铜矿物样本的同位素差异,一般都小于测量误差。

14

An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.

另一种选择是铅,在多数青铜时代的铜以及青铜制品中都含有铅,数量大体与铜矿石中的铅相当,也可能有部分来自熔剂。

15

The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

同类型来源的不同普通铜矿石中,铅的同位素比例通常不同,这种差异超过了测量误差的范围;且初步的研究显示,单一铜矿样本中的同位素比例实际上是一致的。

16

While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore.

尽管有些制品中的铅可能来自于熔剂或熔炼铜矿过程中加入的其他金属,青铜时代工艺中这些被加入的铅,经常与铜矿中的铅有着相同的同位素比例。

17

Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)

所以,铅的同位素研究可能帮助我们解释青铜时代的某些考古记录。

4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentencein the last paragraph in order to(在文章第14句)

(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources

(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations

(C) show the need for using high smelting temperatures

(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition

(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis

选A

我们先回头看看句14,

“An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. ”

如果铅完全来自于矿石,那么是有追踪效果的。如果铅来自外加的物质,万一加入的铅的同位素构成,跟矿石中的铅的同位素构成数值差异很大,就可能干扰检测的结果,所以这里提出铅可能来自熔剂,是一种科学的保守,也就是 A 项描述。

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?

□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact

□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore

□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore

选ABC

句 14 告诉我们铜矿石中都含有铅,句16告诉我们熔炼过程中加入熔剂和其他金属,也可能带入了铅,所以选 ABC 。

6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .

句13

“However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. ”

我们要测量某种差异,测量过程中也一定会发生误差,只有当这种差异在相当程度上超过误差的规模时,我们才能采信这种结果。

比如我要回忆我跟我小学同桌的学习程度的对比,回忆的对象是期末考试分数,回忆可能存在几分的偏差。

假设我同桌学习特棒总是95左右,那么算上偏差她可能90-100分,而我一般都是75,算上偏差也不会到80以上,则这种对比是有明确结果的。

如果我们都是80分左右,则我的回忆完全不能比较我们的程度差异,也许我们该换一种方式,比如回母校查阅当年考试成绩的记录。

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when

(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore

(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore

(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporates during processing

(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore

(E) other metals are added during processing

选D

非常好的逻辑题。

前面第 4 题,我们知道,要确定铜,我们用了铅,但是铅可能有外来一些干扰,题目问我们哪种情况下可以排除这种干扰,注意 EXCEPT 。

如果加入的铅在同位素构成比例上,和矿石中原有的铅相同,加多少也就无所谓,因为我要测的是同位素的衰减程度。

就好像我要研究80岁左右的老头,如果60年前混入我们研究范围的男青年也都是20岁,那么现在他们也80岁了,不影响我们调查80岁老头的结果。

篇5:GRE阅读长难句解答对策

新GRE阅读长难句例题

Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law---notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned---that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。

篇6:GRE阅读长难句解答对策

初步读完这句话我们发现这个句子的难句类型是:复杂修饰+插入语+抽象词,其中插入语是理解这个句子的关键。

(1)Islamic law (2)is a (3)phenomenon (4)so different from all other forms of law---notwithstanding, of course,(5)(it has) (6)a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them /(7)as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned/---(8)that its study is indispensable (9)in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。

对句子标记后我们可以逐一分析各个成分:

Step1:找主谓

1. 不难发现整个句子的主语就是Islamic law,即伊斯兰法

2. is为整个句子的谓语

3. phenomenon作为整个句子的宾语

从1、2、3我们可以分析出:

1+2+3=句子的主干:伊斯兰的法律是一个法律现象:Islamic law is a phenomenon

Step2:分析句子中的插入语

4. 我们需要注意的是notwithstanding这个词,句子中的插入语之所以比较难懂的主要一个原因在于对notwithstanding的理解,notwithstanding作为介词,相当于in spite of(不管,不顾,尽管),这对于大多数考生来说是陌生的。

5. 这里加上省略的it has使得句子更加清楚易懂

6. 这一部分是对主语Islamic law的解释说明,即“伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处。

7. as far as表示“至于,就.。.而言”

8. 整句话中贯穿了so...that句型

9. in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。这句话中包含一个倒装,正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词adequately被提到appreciate的宾语之前。

Step3:对整句话有个大概的中文翻译的印象

译文:

伊斯兰法是一个与其他所有形式的法律都如此之不同的法律现象---尽管,当然,/从其涉及的内容和实际实施的角度来看/,伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处---以至于对于它的研究是不可缺少的,这样才能充分地理解所有可能的法律现象的全部范围。

新GRE阅读长难句结

从分析结果来看插入语的内容对理解文章基本没有什么作用,其实这句话中的插入语根本不用读,也可以根据插入语前后的内容猜出其意思:插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同,插入部分以notwithstanding开头,又有of course,可见插入部分一定是让步语气,因此可以对前后的内容取非,猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。所以,如果遇到很长的插入语最好跳过,看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。

GRE阅读如何能读得又快又对

考场时间就像……玩游戏时的手机电量。咋这不经用呢?!

所以,做GRE阅读又快又准才是核心技能!

经常收到这样的问题:

“老师,我读出来句子的意思发现老是和你讲的意思不一样啊”

“老师,我读文章里面的句子读特别慢,一个句子要反复读好几遍才能读懂”

这是大家和GRE阅读苦苦斗争的两个核心矛盾:

1. 读不懂。

2. 好不容易读懂了,发现20分钟的时间做10道题简直是mission impossible。

所以大家经常会汇总成一个终极问题:

“老师,GRE阅读如何能读得又快又对?”

今天我们就要这个GRE阅读的终极问题了。

我们来看ETS官方模考PP2中的一篇阅读的前两句:

Historian F. W. Maitland observed that legal documents are the best—indeed, often the only—available evidence about the economic and social history of a given period. Why, then, has it taken so long for historians to focus systematically on the civil (noncriminal) law of early modern (sixteenth- to eighteenth-century) England?

第一句话结构并不复杂,说Maitland发现:法律文件是历史最好的证据。

第二句是一个问题,这个问题是什么意思呢?

给大家两个选项:

A. 为什么历史学家一直没有系统研究早期现代英国的civil law?

B. 为什么历史学家花了这么长时间系统研究早期现代英国的civil law?

有同学选B吗?

很多同学看了第二个句子,发现换成正常语序 It has taken so long for historians to focus systematically on the civil law…… 这不就是我们从中学就学过的句式吗,it takes some time to do something 就是花时间做某事啊,于是选了B选项。

其实,在最开始有同学给我提出B选项这个理解我是非常震惊的,从来没想到还有这种理解啊。

为什么呢?

我们看这两句:

第一句说,法律文件是历史最好的证据。第二句说,那为什么…………?

我们现在填空,应该是:

A. 那为什么历史学家花了这么久才研究civil law?

还是:

B. 那为什么历史学家花了这么久去研究civil law?

显然是A啊。

有同学觉得可能还不够显然,我们举个例子:

小明是我见过吃得最多的人。那为什么他这么……?

A. 瘦

B. 胖

显然是瘦啊。(这次是显然了吧。) 你要是选B小明会生气的!我就是吃得多啊,还问我为什么胖!这不是明知故问吗!气!

好啦,所以我们发现Why,then,后面一定是一个看起来很奇怪的现象,类似于填空里的surprisingly,是在前面的context下看起来不会出现的一个现象。

所以:法律文件是历史最好的证据,那为什么……后面一定跟的是 “历史学家一直不研究民法呢”/“历史学家花了这么久才研究民法呢?”。

有同学问:

老师,那it takes some time to do something 难道不是“是花时间做某事”吗?

那给大家两个例子体会一下:

It took me 2 weeks to read this book.

It took me 2 weeks to begin reading this book.

第一句话是在“读书”这件事上花了两周。

第二句话是在“开始读书”这件事之前花了两周。

因为read 是一个持续性动词,是一个“时间段”发生的事;而begin reading是一个短暂性动词,是在一个“时间点”发生的事。

所以it takes some time to do something 要看这个do是持续性动词还是短暂性动词:是持续性动词,则是大家常规的理解“在做这件事上花了多少时间”;是短暂性动词,那就是一瞬间的事,不可能在这个短暂性的时间点上花一段时间,所以意思是“在做这件事之前花了多少时间”。

我们给的GRE阅读的例子里,focus是一个短暂性动词(focus意思是集中、对焦,比如说大家照相的时候都会发现对上焦从模糊到清晰是一个瞬间的事),所以那句话的意思是“那为什么过了这么久才开始研究civil law”。好啦,所以我们发现Why,then,后面一定是一个看起来很奇怪的现象,类似于填空里的surprisingly,是在前面的context下看起来不会出现的一个现象。

所以:法律文件是历史最好的证据,那为什么……后面一定跟的是 “历史学家一直不研究民法呢”“历史学家花了这么久才研究民法呢?”。

有同学问:

老师,那it takes some time to do something 难道不是“是花时间做某事”吗?

那给大家两个例子体会一下:

It took me 2 weeks to read this book.

It took me 2 weeks to begin reading this book.

第一句话是在“读书”这件事上花了两周。

第二句话是在“开始读书”这件事之前花了两周。

因为read 是一个持续性动词,是一个“时间段”发生的事;而begin reading是一个短暂性动词,是在一个“时间点”发生的事。

所以it takes some time to do something 要看这个do是持续性动词还是短暂性动词:是持续性动词,则是大家常规的理解“在做这件事上花了多少时间”;是短暂性动词,那就是一瞬间的事,不可能在这个短暂性的时间点上花一段时间,所以意思是“在做这件事之前花了多少时间”。

我们给的GRE阅读的例子里,focus是一个短暂性动词(focus意思是集中、对焦,比如说大家照相的时候都会发现对上焦从模糊到清晰是一个瞬间的事),所以那句话的意思是“那为什么过了这么久才开始研究civil law”。

篇7:雅思阅读的题目难度如何分布

雅思阅读考试中题目难度是如何分布的

1、雅思阅读的难度分配原则

在雅思阅读考试中关于分配时间才是最重要的,总共时间在60分钟,要求把三篇文章完成,你要如何分配时间?平均每一篇在20分钟?别傻了,如此算来,你第三篇文章一点时间也没有了!

一般难度最低的一级文章其中百分之九十以上的题目答案所有的都在每一段的“3句”(第一句,第二句,最后一句)范围之内,因此要的只是把文章里每一段的“3句”读完便可以把大部分题目的答案找到,而且可以很快!

2、“1+1+3”模式的解决对策

小编在此建议,当大家参加雅思考试时,在阅读上碰到了即为第二种模式,第一第二篇文章都是相当的简单,要的只是把每一段的“3句”看一篇基本上所有的答案都可以找到了,因此考生们要的是用20分钟不到就把前两篇文章做完了。而后去看看第三篇文章……噩梦开始了……文章很长,最初时,我依然是先看了每一段的“3句”,而后返回去看题目,发现题目问的内容跟我刚看过的内容完全没关系。

雅思阅读3篇文章难度有差异么?教你正确答题顺序

雅思考试的三篇文章和题目,难度是递增的,一般而言,是对客观事实出题,第二篇文章最可能出现Matching Headings,并会先出现题目后出现文章,第三篇文章会有比较多的arguments and opinions,一般会涉及到多个角色的观点,长度和题目数量也最多。

雅思阅读文章难度分析

首先,雅思三篇文章的难度是不一样的。

通常来讲三篇文章的难度是逐渐递增的。也就是说,第一篇文章的难度是最低的。所以,在第一篇阅读文章就望而却步的宝宝们,大家的路还很长啊……

第一篇文章用时多久才恰当?

这个问题比较因人而异。平均来说雅思每篇阅读文章的时间分配都应该是20分钟。因此在做第一篇阅读时如果只是过去了15分钟,那么建议大家还是把第一篇文章先搞定,心理上轻装上阵攻克下面两篇。

如果时间已经过去20分钟以上,你还是有几道题找不到答案,这个时候就建议大家学会取舍,先完成后面的文章与题目,再回头来确定难点题目的答案。

雅思阅读题目设置与文章形式相关吗?

大家在做阅读时要了解的一个小窍门,文章的类型与后面匹配的题目是有相关性的。

以第一篇文章为例,大家会发现文章类型大多是事实描述的说明文,比如介绍某项事物的历史、用途、特点等等,相对来说观点类论述会比较少。因此,第一篇文章的题目类型会侧重在你对 factual information,也就是客观事实的把控能力上。

在第一篇文章后你经常见到的题型是:short answer类; table completion类或者T/F/NG类。

第二篇文章的题型设置通常会考察一下你的综合概括能力,比如 matching headings类;listing of headings类。当然,这种heading类题型是设置在文章之前的,直接告诉你阅读时概括理解是重点。

难度最高的第三篇文章中会出现很多的argument观点论据等等。文中可能会出现很多人对于某一事物或者理论的看法,支持与反对的意见交织在文中。不仅如此,这篇文章的长度通常是最长的,题目设置量也是最多的。因此第三篇文章后的题目设置类型经常会出现:multiple choice类;Y/N/NG类。

细心的同学们发现了吧,第一篇文章的判断题通常设置为T/F, 第三篇文章则为Y/N。这两种题型可不是考官随心所欲的任性产物。一般来说T/F问法的题目设置大多为事实以及细节判断,因此常见于第一篇阅读。而需要判断Y/N的题目大多是观点或态度等主观层面的论述。出现在第三篇文章后就不奇怪啦。

雅思阅读 过来人告诉你八点复习经历

1、基础差不要紧,通过做剑桥雅思真题系列,听老师讲技巧分析就能提高阅读分数

这个不能说全错。就看你的分数要求,如果你只需要4分或5分,可以说纯技巧能保证做到。但如果你要7分或8分甚至更高,单靠技巧绝对实现不了。众多雅思阅读高分得主的秘诀不仅仅在于解题技巧,更重要的是英语水平和阅读技能的同时提高。

想在短时间内在阅读上拿到7分以上的分数,那么就必须进行集中式的单词背诵。基础差的同学先可以按照顺序分别背诵高考词汇、大学四级词汇和六级词汇。这些都是咱们欠下的债,从哪里跌倒就从哪里爬起,查漏补缺,通过技巧和技能的完美提高,才是雅思阅读考试的最终目的。

2、剑桥真题都是很多年以前的考题,不必花很多时间钻研

剑桥真题确实是很多年以前的老题,但是既然这么大规模的出版发售就肯定对雅思考试是有指导意义的。有同学花一周时间就把剑桥真题全做完了,统计正确个数,预测分数,就把题甩在一边。

题目其实就好比是一个病人去看病的时候使用的体温计,只能反映病人的体温,并不能帮助治疗。做题本身只能检测自己的英语水平,但如果不对症下药,做再多的题目也是无济于事的。

所以,做完的题目都要进行仔细分析,看一下多少属于因词汇量不够而导致的错误,多少是因为语法结构,读不懂长难句而造成的错误,多少是由于阅读技巧导致的错误。

如果前两者的错误居多,那么就说明你需要提高你的词汇和语法基础了。复习的时候建议你按照题型分别进行,一方面巩固题型技巧,一方面通过把题目所在的原文进行精读,补充自己的英语基础知识。剑桥真题虽然是已经淘汰的文章,但是其思路结构,解题技巧和现在考试是一致的,也是大家复习雅思首选材料。

3、阅读就是要使劲做题,做题量决定考试成绩

很多同学在复习的时候喜欢做一些市面上很火的模拟题,有同学能把模拟题做得几乎全对,而遇到真实考试却遭遇滑铁卢。

建议烤鸭们还是要以剑桥真题系列为主,不要仅仅满足把题做对,更要花功夫理解跟解题相关的句子,对于层次高的同学希望大家能归纳下真题文章每段大意,这也是众多阅读单科8分以上同学共享的秘方。

每次阅读考试都有些题很难做,所以复习时应该重点关注此类难题。雅思阅读每次考试都会有3到4个难度颇高的题目,这些题考查大家生僻的单词,或者非常注重同学们的英语思维。大家不要过于学究,平时的复习时间不要花在偏题怪题上面,主心骨还是放在中等规范的题目中。

大家记住雅思考试考的是语言,区别于四六级考试和国内的硕士研究生招生考试,题目的答案直接从文章的表象中找就可以,不用特深入地思考。如果定位之后,思维要经过山路十八弯,那大多时候就误入歧途了。

4、雅思阅读能力很难提高

阅读能力取决于两个层面:英语基本功和快速阅读技能。雅思阅读对于英语基本功的要求就是能够胜任将来国外大学的学习,其笔试的要求大致相当于大学六级的水平。而快速阅读技能要在打好英语基础之上再进行培养。

雅思速度的主要技能概括起来是3个S: Survey, Skim和Scan.

Survey(浏览)就是在做文章之前进行浏览,对文章主题进行一个整体的把握,主要看一下题目、小标题等;

Skim(略读)需要你在短时间内掌握句子或段落的内容,这就需要你跳过一些东西。

Scan(扫读)的能力就是在短时间内迅速找出一个单词在文章中位置的能力,这个能力完全可以靠自己或者培训中心训练来培养。

5、雅思阅读就是找答案,只要背上数千单词就可以考得高分

其实不然。之前有一个学生,词汇量相当大,有8000左右,写作方面表现得很好,随手就可以写出6.5分水平的作文,但是,他的阅读模拟测试却从没有超过5分,而且对阅读课表现得很不耐烦,以为只要把单词背完就行了。

雅思考试作为目前世界上最权 威的英语能力测试之一,除了一定量的词汇量,扎实的语法基础,良好的语感和阅读习惯,以及较快的阅读速度,都是取得高分必不可少的因素。只有有了这些基础,再辅以适当练习,对雅思阅读题型的熟悉和对时间的把握,才有把握取得较高的分数。

雅思考试对考生真实的英语阅读能力考察的准确性决定了它不是靠瞎猜或运气,或者是词汇量大就可以考好的。建议广大考生,踏踏实实地多花点时间和精力在阅读本身上,当考生的阅读理解水平达到一定程度时,想不考高分都难。阅读考试应该按照题目设置顺序完成。

一个小时完成三篇总计3000词的文章,对于考生的速度要求颇高。做题不要严格按照规定的顺序来。程度好的学生可以按照题号顺序做题;差一点的应按照难易程度进行,实现分数的最大化。

雅思阅读题型中,填空类别的题目通常最简单,如:table/chart/diagram, summary, sentence completion, short answer questions等,可以先做。

选择类的通常都较难,例如:T/F/NG, List of headings, Which paragraph contains the followinginformation等,可以放到后面做。除此之外,烤鸭们还应该选择3篇文章中背景最熟悉的一篇先做,树立做题信心,以提高文章的正确率。

6、List of headings这种题型只要找首末句就可以判断

首末句为主题句的前提是文章遵循总分或分总结构,但是英文文章总共有6钟结构,所以用此种方法做题的正确率只有三分之一。

总结段落大意题确实存在着一些难度,通过很多段落的分析,我们发现做HEADING 题一个总的做题原则:精读首句,一一对应原则,即首先划好题目的关键词,再从每段第一句进行阅读,寻找题目关键词和段落的一一对应原则。如果第一句不能与题目对应,则还须往后阅读直到找到对应为止。

HEADING题是雅思考试难度较大的一种题型,一般建议学生做题时先做细节题,把HEADING留最后,相关的细节信息对段落的理解有一定的帮助。总之做HEADING 题要有心理准备,有的段落通过首末句即可断定答案,有的段落需要读到段落中部,有的段落则须从头至尾进行理解。

当然,针对程度较差学生,理解段落确实存在着困难,我们还可通过重复法对段落大意进行敲定,即如果一个段落中同一个词或它的同义词重复出现,我们可以选对应的heading。

7、雅思阅读的文章长,生词又那么多,即使看懂文章,也不一定能做对题

这种想法应该也是很多“烤鸭”们的一块心病。我的看法是:如果看懂了文章却没做对题的话,那只能说明你没有好好研究过题目。

任何考试都是有游戏规则的,只有遵循游戏规则的烤鸭才能最终修成正果。其实雅思阅读题目比文章显得更重要,因为题目不仅是出发点,同时也是落脚点。因此,建议大家每次做雅思阅读练习的时候,请先读题目,再看文章。这样就会更有针对性。

8、雅思阅读是应该先读文章再读问题

万事万物没有绝对!我认为如果考生的语言水平不错,那其实先读文章和先读题目差别不大,殊途同归嘛~However,如果考生觉得自己的英语还有待提高,而又急着要考雅思的话,那么在做阅读的时候还是先读题目,划出关键信息,然后再读文章一一搜索信息。

雅思阅读提分的三大必备要素

要素一:要具备扎实的语言功底

词汇量能体现语言功底来,词汇量直接影响的就是考生对于文章的细节的理解,进而影响做题速度和准确率,所以在雅思学习的任何阶段都不可忽略词汇的记忆,读到任何一篇新的文章,都会遇到一些比较关键的生词,大家在平时的学习中要注意积累,随时记下这些比较关键的生词,当然了,并不是要你记下一个就去查一个,而是在记录完一批后再去查,并时常拿出来反复记忆;

雅思培训7分班老师认为扎实的语法功底是另外一个影响文章理解的重要因素,雅思阅读中往往有很多从句、复合句,对于这些长难句的理解,万不可忽视的就是对句子的语法分析,熟悉语法规律才能在遇到这些长难句时准确快速的理解文章意思。

要素二:要对考试规律和题型的解题技巧非常了解

通常这是通过大量做题总结出来的,当然我们也为了让大家更快地了解并熟练使用这些规律和技巧,总结出了许多做题的经验供大家学习。当然了,你如果能在做题过程中总结出一些更适合自己使用的技巧那就更好了,因为只有在对题型了解足够充分的情况下,才有可能总结出一些可用的技巧。

要素三:要有目的地拓宽自己的阅读量

尤其是一些常考的题材,比如:自然科技类、社会人文类、语言类等。如果你原本知识面就较广泛,那么在雅思阅读中就更容易去理解文章大意,也更加有助于理解文章的细节信息。

篇8:GRE阅读难点有什么

GRE阅读难点有什么

1.gre阅读复习掐时间读一篇文章,长文章1.5—2分钟,短文章1—1.5分钟,然后以平均每题1分钟的速度解完后面的题。注意是“平均”,即你只要控制在比如7题在7分钟内作完即可!

2.gre阅读复习然后看哪些题作错,为什么会作错。主要有以下两类供参考:①看错,主要分为:定位错误;题干词NOT,EXCEPT,LEAST,ERR等看错;选项没看懂,诸如untreated理解成“无可救药”的,其实是“未经治疗的”,无可救药的应该是untreatable!②想错:中国式思维≠美国式思维≠的思维,我们所要作的就是中国式思维与的思维间建立直觉联系。

3.gre阅读复习把文章不计时间地仔细研究一遍,主要研究层次结构,起承转合,语言套路及选项特征,“以其所正正其所不正”。

4.此时对后面的所有问题作如下三个工作:

①不论作对或作错,想一下此题的解题思路是什么,是否具有多种解题方案,自己距离某种解题方案还有什么缺陷或不足,什么样的方法最适合我。

②最短的一条路是什么。

③把每道题的五个选项都找出对或错的理由来,一定要是让自己信服的理由。可能有人达到一定高度觉得没必要,太费时,但是有些看来现在很友好的错误项只要改动一点就能要你的命,你信不信?所以你不要这么做,一定要仔细看过,找到它的弱点,其中有什么困难。

5.找出文中自己不熟悉的抽象词与难句,反复操练。所谓“抽象词”,《难句》一书有介绍,这里从略。永远记住:阅读是读“意思”,不要用“中文翻译思维”

GRE阅读:长难句分析

Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as ”common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同,这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过,但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉,而转向相反的观点,即:神经冲动从根本上本质相同,而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。

难句类型:复杂修饰、双重否定

解释:前半个分句中有一个双重否定,was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的,原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法,但在英文中出现,因为在以前的学习中见得少,所以感觉上很别扭。因此,同学们的任务,就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中,很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的,表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中,如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇,比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited),则双重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree, 不反对者中,的确有人会同意,但通常心存疑虑,随大流者居多。不但如此,大双重否定中加上限定词以后,在否定的范围上也有所变化,如本句的be never rigidly disproved,没有完全被反对,不能理解为从来都被严格支持的,而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述,对双重否定的句子,简单的把其置换为肯定,不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法,就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式,按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定,然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态;这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。

运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法,可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是,初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然,如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者,虽然也能说得通,但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系,in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性;抛弃了前者,而转向后者,namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。

Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,number, arrangement,and interconnection of the nerve cells,but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned,the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4 -)

尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异,但是就心理-神经的关系而言,这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

解释:在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中,主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为:similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。

GRE阅读:长难句分析

Such variations in size, shape,chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.(5)

难免类型:复杂修饰

译文:类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化,当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候,他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。

解释:即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式,可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候,实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远,更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读,直到读出这样的感觉:顺序阅读原文时,原文似乎就是几大块,就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.

It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5)

有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是,这样的证据是缺乏的,即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的,而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

难免类型:复杂修饰、倒装

解释:与很多人的印象相反,lack从来就不能作形容词,它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。

本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句,是两个倒装结构,前一个是小倒装,正常语序是:to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装,lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的,但是因为它太长,所以为了避免头重脚轻,被放到lacking之后,正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking

篇9:新老GRE题目内容难度区别实战考试经验

新老GRE题目内容难度区别实战考试经验汇总

GRE考试试题分析:

这是大家都很关心的话题,而且我看大家的反应也不尽相同,有语文提前写完还分数高的吓人的,也有数学都写不完的。从这点就可以看出,题目的难易其实和自己的水平挂钩的。我觉得PP的题基本上反应了真实题目的难度,有的同学说OG或者PP没有真实的题目难,我觉得可能是因为模拟题大家做的遍数多了,自然会越做越简单,如果完全没有接触过新题型,自己试着去做一遍PP的题,就知道了。

先说AW吧,对于没有高频的新GRE,AW还是要靠一点RP的,毕竟题库里的题总有自己不太熟悉,或者准备不充分的。我当时ISSUE抽到的是现代舒适的生活和人的独立性的关系,ARGUMENT抽到的是从鱼油里提取出的一种物质能防感冒。那篇ISSUE我就没准备好,所以写出来自己都觉得很糟,ARGUMENT还好。AW题库里的题和老G基本一样,关键是没有高频,大家都不知如何抓重点,如果你够牛的话,最好题目都好好看一遍,如果你没时间的话,就只好看RP了。

然后是语文,语文有的同学觉得难(其实我也觉得很难,呵呵)主要是因为新题型大家都不习惯,而且填空题不能用排除法,对词汇的理解和记忆的要求都提高了。语文的题型主要是填空,阅读,具体的题目分布我也记不大清了,阅读量加大了那是肯定的。

数学一直以来是中国学生的强项,如果数学拿不到分,那总分就很难达标了。有的同学说数学很难,我想再难也不能难过语文吧。数学给我的感觉和老G差不多,没有什么太大的变化,只是增加了填空和多选的题型。我觉得对中国学生来说没有太大问题。

GRE写作范文的解析:新创意

题目:

Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals.When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.

真正有创意的想法并非来自于群体而是来自于个人。当群体试图创新的时候,它的成员之间会被迫相互妥协,结果就是新想法趋于弱化而更接近于传统。大部分新想法都是来自于独立工作的个人。

正文:

I agree with the speaker on that truly innovative ideas arise from individuals.Nevertheless, it is unfair to claim unilaterally that the groups tend to weaken creative ideas without thinking of their positive effects on the ideas; it is equally important for groups to examine, modify, or even reject the ideas.

First of all, truly innovative ideas are destined to arise from individuals in that inter-personal thinking process is so far impossible. This is to say, when we sit still and have a cluster of phenomena, theories, statistics and so forth of a certain issue in our mind, we are thinking it over yet with no assistance at all. After all it is impossible for one to intrude into other's mind. Following this principle, innovative ideas spark off during the process of meditation, and they are the produced by one's own effort. It is equally possible, however, for people to be inspired by each other, yet this is by no means assistance in thinking. Clues, hints, inspirations are to remind people of things ignored or taken for granted, but have nothing to do with the process of thinking, that is, to sort out the whole vision and draw conclusion. In one word, innovative ideas arise from meditation, which is solely limited within one body, one brain. Therefore innovative ideas are always the product of individual's work.

Nevertheless, it does not suggest that innovative ideas then have nothing to do with group work, and actually it is just the opposite. When a novel thought is brought up, it is of great importance to fully evaluate its validity, feasibility, and consequences if carried out. This point need no further illustration if we think of a father who resolutely stops his 6-year-old son from playing matches. The kid might have intended to try something new, driven by an innovative idea, yet the whole house might have caught fire also since the boy is incapable of dealing with accidents. This is the same case in academic fields. In a chemistry lab for example, a novel route design of synthesizing a new compound is never carried out without further evaluation. Practical conditions such as equipments, reagents, and economic efficiency, namely yield per cost, are always taken into consideration and sometimes restrict the application of those ideas.

This is to say, innovation is usually good but not always practicable. This claim is fully demonstrated in the political field. Governors of all levels must take holistic views of the situation and make balanced decision in order to avoid mistakes; innovative ideas alone cannot justify their practicability and goodwill to others. For instance, when we look back, the development of plastic industry has resulted in great loss in the global ecosystem. Thus we see the disastrous consequences of carrying out such innovative yet premature ideas.

Hence, it is necessary for the groups to assess, remedy, and conclude the value and use of innovative ideas. All innovative ideas should be brought to discussions. With the clash of skeptical attitude of others to the advocating behavior of the thinker, fallacies made in a haste can be easily found and eliminated, which rectifies, sometimes supplements the idea. I don't agree with the speaker on his/her judgment of group work as compromising, weakening and conventionalizing innovation. Group work promotes those justified and useful innovative ideas and rejects those invalid, sometimes dangerous ones, as we see the case between father and son, in a chemistry lab, in all nations around the world. Only after the group censorship can the innovative ideas be carried out and benefit people, and this is the time when its innovativeness is fully appreciated.

In conclusion, I concede that most original ideas arise from individuals, yet I believe the group effort on these ideas should never be downplayed. It is the group that judge,reject or develop these ideas; this process is equally important with the innovative thinking.

GRE写作名人名言的使用技巧

引用名人名言的必要性

当前考GRE考生在处理Analytical Writing时,大多数为如何在GRE作文中拿高分所苦恼,平时是不是应该多记些有关的名人名言?给自己的文章润色,从而使自己的文章从所有的文章中脱颖而出,让考官一看到你的文章就觉得与众不同。关于这个问题答案是肯定的。在ETS的官方评论标准中,有一条评分标准是SCORE 6 Develops a position on the issue∕argument with insightful reasons and /or persuasive examples, 根据这个我们就很有必要引用名人名言,增加文章的说服力。

如何引用名人名言—避免陈词滥调

然而在实际的运用过程中,很多考生运用的名人名言,都不是真正意义上的名人名言,或者说是名人名言,但是由于过多的人引用,结果却成了陈词滥调,也就是跟俗语一样的常用,不能发挥增加文章说服力的作用,如果你只能想到这些非常常用的名人名言时,建议你最好就不要写了,因为很多人都用这几个句子的话,那么你的文章就可能会落入俗套,甚至有可能影响考官客观的评价你的文章思路,例如 every coin has two sides,there is a will, there is a way, Rome is not built in a day.等都是写可写可不写的废话。而且就这个问题,已经有很多的专家学者对考生提出了忠告。

GRE写作如何利用范文来备考

一、具体化的能力

具体化并不代表要写一个完整的故事。但是任何一篇文章都要给人一个具体的意向。通过具体的东西来描述才能给人踏实的感觉。具体化只要举出几个地方、几个名字、几件小事就可以了。

为什么好多同学作文中分数很低呢,就是因为他提出了问题却没有回答。

你通过不断地模仿写作,就可以不断地纠正语法和词组错误。如何把抽象和具体结合起来是一个重点,如何在一个段落中只表达一个思想,这是另一个重点。美国人的判分特点是,如果你在一段中表达了一个以上的思想,那你的分数就不会高了。

分析完一篇文章后,怎么模仿着写呢?就是看着中文的翻译,把上面的英文一字不落的写下来,当你实在想不起来的时候,再看原文。等到写完之后,和原文对照一下,看看是谁写得漂亮。我刚刚开始模仿写作的时候发现,模仿了几天后,写作水平的确提高了。因为根据记忆学原则,这个单词你背过、读过,它都不能写在你的文章中间。如果一个单词可以经常出现在你的脑子和文章中间,那这只证明了一件事,就是你写过这个字。但是你自己写作你不可能用到这个字,那就只有一个可能,就是你在模仿文章时写过这个字。如果一个结构别人写不出来,你能写出来,那你的分数就会高。

通过不断地模仿你的几大能力就会得到提高:

1.你的语法错误会越来越少;

2.句子结构能力越来越强;

3.用词能力大大增加。

一篇文章模仿两次就足够了。当你模仿了10篇文章之后,你把这10篇文章再模仿一遍。等你模仿完20篇文章,你的写作能力就会大大提高了。

二、逻辑思维能力

在美国许多的写作考试中TOEFL写作是相对容易的。因为它的作文题本身非常简单,看到一个作文题你几乎就知道该怎么写。而GRE作文就相对复杂了。GRE作文方式永远是两种态度,两种方式让你选择。它永远是有对照性的。TOEFL作文考:“吃饭是在家里吃好,还是到饭店里吃好”;GMAT考和商业有关的:“产品制造出来是延续时间很长的好,还是延续时间不太长的好”;GRE作文:“在我们这个社会中间,现在专业人士太多了,而有综合知识的人太少了。你认为我们是更需要具有专业知识的人呢,还是需要具有广博知识的人?”

TOEFL考生活、学习;GRE 考日常学术行为。但是不管它出什么题目,总是会摆出两种态度供你选择。另外,GRE的作文题目是提前发给你的,考试时出的题目绝不会超出它事先发给你的题目。它决不会出让学生看不懂的题目。所出的题目永远是世界性的,不涉及民族、宗教、政治色彩。

考察普林斯顿所出的全部范文后发现,美国人百分之七八十喜欢倾向于一种模式。讨论在哪里吃的问题时,要不在家里吃,要不在饭店吃,但是你不要又想在家里,又想在饭店(A OR B)。当然他们也比较认可中间的态度(C),也就是说,我既要A又要B,我是A和B结合起来产生C。事实上,好多中国学生结合A、B写是能写出好分数的。当然也有些题目是没有C这种态度的。

C态度这种写法和A、B的写法,在段落结构上是有差异的。我先讲两种文章的段落结构。

如果是采取A或B的写法,段落结构是比较简单的。通常分为三个层次,第一个层次是第一段。说明我要采取A还是B。第二个层次可以不只一段,说明为什么选择A/B是对的。为什么要有三段呢。因为必须至少有2个理由,至多3个理由。美国人认为一个理由是不够的,4个理由绝对太多。他们最喜欢 2到3个理由。最后一段就是结尾,讨论B的缺点和部分优点,同时坚决强调你要选择A。

C模式:它有几大难点:

1.你要表明A和B的必不可少性,所以你的段落就会很长;

2.第二段就要写A的好处、缺陷都在哪;

3.要写B的好处和缺点;

4.要证明只有把A和B结合起来才能弘扬两者的优点,避免缺点。

这样的文章是最合情合理的,优点是非常的reasonable。缺点是这种文章的长度比我们前面说到的第一种类型的文章,至少要长出1/3。而你写的越长就越容易犯句子语法和结构,以及拼写的错误。所以如果你的写作水平很一般的话,就不要用这种写法。但是如果你的写作水平很高的话,我建议你用这种写法。尤其是碰到一些我认为只有把两者结合起来才能写好的题目时。所以GRE作文难就难在它的题目比较难。这种题目有两种写作方法,这两种方法都是能拿6分的。

逻辑思维能力的第二步就是怎么写好中间这部分。开头挺好写的,好多同学直接照着题目抄,这大可不必,也挺愚蠢的。GRE作文题目也是可以抄的,但是你最好还是自己写。

千篇 一律只有几种开头的方法:

1.说大话开头法:开头就是一个宏伟的概括;

2.幽默一点的开头法。

3.从自我经历写起。

下面我们来具体讲一下中间应该怎么写。

首先来讲一下,写这三个理由要避免的几点:

避免观点重复;不要讲了几遍其实都是一个理由。当你一点就能说明的时候,非要讲三遍就显的有点STUPID了。你要从多个方面来讲道理,而且要尽量把问题具体化。

避免观点的庸俗化,并考虑美国人能否接受的问题。比如说要避免对任何宗教词批判太多。因为你永远搞不懂给你判分的是信什么教的。不能批判任何政治理想。不能贬低自己所在的国家。美国人最讨厌不爱自己国家的人。避免观点的庸俗化,就是我们说的有些东西可以想,但是不能写出来GRE作文逻辑思路分为两种。一种是问题发挥型,一种是argument/争论型。

对于问题发挥型题目,你怎么发挥,怎么犯逻辑错误都没有问题,只要你能保证你观点的正确,并能用具体的事实证明你的观点。而对于argument争论型题目就不同了。它的出题方式是给你一段话,这段话后再给出一个总结。然后让你挑出它的逻辑错误。需要你作的是得出它的结论或者对其加以补充。你只要拿出三点理由把它推翻就行了。这三点理由从哪里找呢,从文章里面找,从文章的周边关系找,从文章的背后找。

下面举一个例子:现在有一种计算机仪表设备,把它安在商用飞机上之后就必然能避免飞机在空中的碰撞。因为一架飞机发出碰撞信号后,另一架飞机就能接收这个信号并及时采取行动,从而避免飞机碰撞。

这里结论就是飞机必然能避免碰撞。它的因果关系是因为安装了仪表所以能够避免碰撞。你要说的是安装了仪表不一定能避免碰撞。现在你就要找出3点理由来。

1.文章中没有任何统计数据告诉我们飞机的碰撞百分之百是商用飞机,因此如果避免碰撞,就要在所有飞行物上安装这种仪表。

2.安装了仪表后,是否需要人来操作。如果是,那么因为有人的原因,就不能避免碰撞。

3.要是这个仪表系统坏了。

4.也没有谈到气候问题,卫星干扰问题等干扰因素……

所以Argument文章不需要你有文采,也不需要你有多么好的句子结构,它只是要求你的逻辑没有漏洞。

大家有时间的话务必把AI的提纲都列掉,然后挑重复率高的写。比如ISSUE里面有一道The greatest indicator of a nation....

另外有一点很重要的是,特别是对于A大家在写完几篇文章以后,尽快归纳出针对每一个instruction的模板,question这种可以写成一类,然后背出来。

其实老G和新G的区别就在于,老G是一套模板走天下,新G准备4个模板,就这么简单。以后自己练习的时候,就根据模板来套,写到后来你会发现,你写出来的文章,不管题目怎么换,写出来的东西看起来都一样,这样Argument算基本练成了。

模板最好自己写,根据头几篇写的文章来归纳,比如说我关于specific evidence这种题型,自己归纳的模板就是:

The argument is well presented and appears to be relatively sound at the first glance,the author concludes that__________. However, a close scrutiny about the argument will reveal that several specific evidences should be added in order to make the argument to be more cogent and convincing, for example:_________

Initially, the author must give evidence that_________. If we were to learn that _______, it would obviously weaken the conclusion. It may turn out to be that_____. To make his assurance eloquent, he must provide more specific evidences to consummate his argument.

Secondly, in order to______, we should also be informed that_______. In the argument, the author only said that__________. It may undermine the argument that if_______. Without knowing_______, we can hardly accept the conclusion that______

Third, the author should eliminate the disturbance of other factors, for example, he should provide evidences that _______. Perhaps_____ or perhaps________. Either of these scenarios, if true, would cast serious doubt on the author’s claim. Without accounting for all other explanations, the arguer can’t reasonably conclude that___________;

To sum up, the argument is far from powerful enough to substantiate that______________ Before any final decisions are made about_____________, much more specific evidences are to be put forward to make the author’s argument more forceful and cogent.

真正写的时候,先把第一段和最后一段都写了,然后每段写个第一句,列出框架。最好能在第一段把你要写的内容都先简要概括一下。

话题还是回到准备A的过程上,当你归纳出模板以后,接下来要做的事情就很简单了,找到新老题库的对应表,然后自己照着新题库一题一题地把提纲列出来,不会的看一下老题是怎么写的。这个时候不需要写很多文章,只是归纳提纲就行,记住归纳的时候要把可能发生的情况写出来,因为到了考试的时候想不出可以rival的情况那不是悲剧了,比如这个题中的一个evidence:

The reason why students choose Buckingham College.

Perhaps it has qualified teachers.

Perhaps tuition fee is lower than colleges at the same level.

等你把这两件事情都做完,A的准备就差不多了,以后就是每天花半个小时左右的时间一遍遍熟悉题库。

按照这种方法,我真正准备A的时间只有5天,后来的那段时间都只是每天花半个小时写3篇作文的提纲写的话不用太多,3-4天写一篇保持手感就行了。

关于ISSUE,方法也差不多,主要的问题就是写提纲一定要仔细,把你对这个问题的观点,和引用的例子都写出来,不要想着自己能套一些Roosevelt, King什么的,想想就可以了,没有那么多例子让你套,还是要老老实实准备提纲。

我写过一套完整的issue和argument的提纲,写的时候例子也放在提纲里,ISSUE跟A也一样,写完一遍提纲,自己重新看,到最后就是训练自己看到一个题,在2分钟以内迅速组织出一个比较详细的提纲。这样ISSUE的准备也就差不多了。

三.修辞学的能力

修辞学的能力也是非常重要的。比如比喻、排比等等,他们能带来力量和说服力。

通过模仿,希望各位考生能够吸取精华并将之转化为自己的长处,获得GRE写作高分。模仿并不是盲目抄袭,而是首先要分析文章,分析每一句和上一句是什么关系。然后运用具体化能力、逻辑思维能力和修辞学的能力来提高写作水平。

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