“ghost006”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了9篇GRE阅读如何有效保证细节题型得分,下面是小编整理后的GRE阅读如何有效保证细节题型得分,欢迎大家阅读借鉴,并有积极分享。

篇1:GRE阅读如何有效保证细节题型得分
GRE阅读如何有效保证细节题型得分
GRE做阅读需记录这些重要细节
首先,为了避免二次阅读无法准确定位所造成的的考试时间的浪费,考生需要学会在阅读的同时就对文章中涉及的各类细节进行记录,大家可以借助考场提供的草稿纸记录好以下这些比较容易出题的敏感细节内容:
1. 开头结尾
文章的开头和结尾都非常重要,都容易出考点。特别注意文章开头或结尾以分词形式出现的比较或对比,容易被忽略。
2. 人名数字
人名和数字都会出考点。相对数字(percentage)比绝对数字更可靠。
3. 小词
注意一些小词,如“not only,but also”, 强调的是“but also”部分。
4. 极端态度类词汇
关注极端词“least”“most”等。
5. 标点符号
注意特殊标点符号:括号、破折号会出考点。
GRE阅读细节题如何用好定位技巧?
所谓定位词,其核心即是一个可以根据题干回原文定位,并且能够找到出处的词。定位词总体特征有不可变性和细节性。不可变性,指的是定位词是用来定位的,所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇,才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位,而是用名词来做定位词。细节性是指不要找大概念的词汇,更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。大概念的词汇通常为抽象词,包括opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory,importance等等。 这一类词虽然全部是名词,但是规律告诉我们,这些词很少会在原文中一模一样出现。而全文主旨性的词通常是文章标题中出现的词。这些词是不会拿来作定位词的,因为通常来说这些词会在原文会多次出现。
GRE阅读细节题需注意原意替换
细节题的答案在提干提示的原文信息的词附近找,并在第一次出现该信息的地方找,只要选原意替换选项即可;细节题最常见的是取非题,在题阿干中的标志是出现虚拟语气,在文章中定位时要找表对比的词(eg: however,unlike, on the contrary)。
以上就是小编为大家带来的GRE阅读细节题重点突破技巧讲解。为了以最高效的方式做好GRE阅读细节题节省宝贵的考试时间,小编希望各位考生都能通过上文内容了解并掌握熟练细节题的应对技巧,在考试中发挥其实用价值。
新GRE阅读应该怎样训练
建议:提高技能
提高GRE阅读其实说得细致点就是提高几种具体的技能,比如对文章结构的把握(这是做主旨题和态度题的关键),对常考考点的熟悉程度,对原文和选项之间的文字对应规律的掌握等。
如果只是一味地做题,没有针对所需掌握地知识点和技能进行总结和积累,那么做题的目的只是一味的为了赶进度,对于提高没有任何帮助。因此,在做GRE阅读练习的时候,不要盲目地追求阅读的数量,要真正提高阅读的质量。
另外,GRE阅读是一个长期的过程,不是说练习几天就会有效果的。即使你做了很长时间,只要你的方法是正确的,可能效果也不是很明显。所以,这个时候是最关键的时候,往往离胜利就一步之间,坚持住可能就会豁然开朗。
建议:把握文章结构
文章结构是做阅读题整体思路的关键。掌握了文章结构就知道文章大体的行文脉络,文章的大体意思也差不多了。文章的结构类型以及标志词,以及文章结构类型和主旨题之间的关系,仔细分析一道主旨题的正确答案是怎么阐述原文篇章主旨和结构的,其实这个正确答案就是文章的中心句的改写形式,最重要的就是找出原文中的中心句,这是帮助读者更深刻地理解原文结构的有效办法。
建议:熟悉常考考点
俗化说,知己知彼,百战百胜。要想迅速攻克GRE阅读难关,就要了解出题者的思维。根据题目反推原文考点,题目都考了原文哪些内容,自己有没有关注到这些内容并做标记,这些内容都有什么可总结的规律、特征词。这样总结非常重要,如果坚持下去,很短一段时间后,就会发现一些固定的原文出题点,日后再读原文的时候也就会自然而然地关注它们了。
GRE阅读36套译文大放送
1.1
随着流动的溶岩(lava)急骤冷却而形成的火山溶岩被称为枕状溶岩(pilllowlava)。当溶岩喷发直接进入水中(或至冰下),或当它流过海岸并进入一片水体时,这一急骤的冷却便告发生。尽管“枕状溶岩”这一术语暗示出某种明确的形状,但实际上地质学家对此各执已见,意见不一。某些地质家的指出,枕状溶岩以诸互相分离的、椭球形的(ellipsoidal)岩块为其特征。其他地质学家则将枕状溶岩描绘成一块纠结在一起的岩块,由圆柱体的、互相连结的溶岩流裂片(flow lobe)构成。这一争论很大程度上或许起源于对枕状溶岩原初构造的不确定推断,而这些推断是从陆地露出地表的岩层(land outcropping)处遭侵蚀的枕状岩的二维截面来进行的。从一块由相互连结的诸溶岩流裂片构成的纠结在一起的岩块横切的岩块横切的任何截面,几乎都会给人一种一堆互相分离的椭球形岩块的外观。有关完好无损的枕状岩的充分的三维图像至关重要,用以确定枕状溶岩流真正的几何形状,并从而确定其起源方式。实际上,“枕状岩”这一术语,其本身暗示着互相分离的岩块,或许是一个失当的名称。
1.2
普鲁斯特19笔记本中的草稿段落表明,由论文向小说的转折始于《驳圣伯夫》一文,当时,普鲁斯特援引了一些实例用以例证不由自主的记忆对创作想象力所产生的强有力的影响。事实上,为了试图证明想象力要比圣伯夫所假设的来得更为深刻,且并非那么易于屈服于理性,普鲁斯特引发了他自己的至关重要的记忆,发现它们之间不无微妙的联系,便开始为《似水年华》收集材料。至八月,普鲁斯特致函给瓦莱特,告知瓦莱特,他意欲将所收集到的材料扩充成为一部小说。莫里斯· 巴代什(MauriceBardeche)在《马塞尔·普鲁斯特——小说家》(Marcel Proust,romancier)中,证明了在《似水年华》草稿中普鲁斯特的潜意识那些自发的且看若不规则的联结的重要性。
1.3
夏威夷植物的巨大多样性源自种籽的远距离播散,而这一过程则不仅仅需要某种传输方法,而且亦要求在来源地的生态环境与接收地的生态环境之间存在一种相同情形。至于所涉及的传输方式,不乏某种争论。某些生物学家指出,是海流和气流致使种籽被输送至夏威夷。然
而,漂浮实验的结果,以及气流的低温,使我们对这些假设甚感怀疑。更有可能的是鸟类运输:或者是通过外部途径,即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通过内部方式,即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。尽管情况有可能是,通过外部途径到达夏威夷的植物种籽,其种类的数量少于通过内部方式到达夏威夷的种籽种类数量,但是,物质学家已知,较多种类的种籽适宜于外部运输,而非内部运输。
1.4
但是,近期的史学研究强烈地表明,那些早期新英格兰文化中似乎显得最具有独特的清教徒色彩的方面,诸如强烈的宗教趋向以及集体意识,甚至还不能典型地代表新英格兰的全部,而是在很大程度上仅限于马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州这两个殖民地。因此,那些与(北方)清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩,并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征,从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。这样,在美国殖民地生活较为宽广的架构内,不是南方殖民地,而是那些清教殖民地,才显得与”众”不同,而即使是它们也似乎在殖民地后期迅速地趋近于那些主流文化模式。
1.5
一个严肃的批评家必须理解艺术作品的具体内容、独特结构和特殊含义,但是这里存在着困境。批评家必须认识到作品中具有独特性的艺术元素,这就需要他的主观反应,但他决不能被自己的主观反应所误导从而形成偏见。艺术作品所试图传达的东西比个人好恶更为重要,偏好可能会在实际上阻碍对作品的充分理解。因此,批评家有必要在自身形成一种基于艺术史和美学理论的感受能力。另一方面,仅从与一定价值观相联系的历史视角看待艺术作品是不够的。批评家所具有的知识和所接受的训练为他提供了准备,以此为基础,他可以发展充分理解艺术作品的特质所需要的认知能力和感受能力。
GRE阅读
篇2:GRE阅读细节题型分析
细节题是一个比较泛泛的概念,如果细分,可以分成很多类,如给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比互取非题、改进性取非题、Except/Not题、逻辑题、题、类比题等等。为什么这里把这些不同类型的题归在一起?虽然,这些题的类型不同,但是它们都有一个共同的特性,就是在解答这类题时,都需要在原文进行有效的定位。所以,如何有效地在原文中进行定位并在读文章时对重要信息做标记,成为众多考生所不能忽视的地方。定位对解答GRE阅读中的细节题起着非常重要的作用。因为GRE阅读的做题方法通常是读原文→读题干→回原文定位这样一个顺序,所以,定位是在读完题干后,根据题干的特点,结合第一遍读原文的重点和所做的标记来确定所考内容的位置。正确有效的定位是快速做题和准确程度的关键因素。
下面就针对不同的细节题进行分析:
1. 给定行数题
给定行数,顾名思义,就是在题目中已经明确的给出了所考查内容的行数,题目中所涉及的内容也是有关给定行数所述内容的作用或者相关内容。这就需要考生在做这类题时,根据题目中所提示的行数,回到原文中去定位。但是有一点需要注意,像这类明确地给出行数地题,通常情况,答案都不在所给定地行数处,也不是给定行数内容地直接改写,因为出题者不会直接告诉你答案在哪,所以,在做这类题时,除了要根据它所提示的信息,还要结合所给行数的上下文的情况再做选择。
2. 写作用意题
这类题是针对文章某些内容的作用进行的提问,也就是题干中问到的这个具体事物在文章中出现时作者的用意是什么?所有的GRE文章都是议论文,作者提到具体的事物大体上有几种关系:支持、证明、解释或反对某观点,也就是说具体的事物总是和观点发生联系的。通常情况,给定行数题和写作用意题是混合出现的。
下面我们看一个例子:
In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……
……
The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie (Line 30)in order to _____
(A) give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records
(B) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-elite
(C) identify the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence
(D) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records
(E) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the non-elite
分析:
这道题就属于典型的写作用意型, 同时又给出了指定的行数。Le Roy Ladurie 出现在文章的第二段,题目中已经明确给出行数(Line 30), 这样,通过这个信息,我们可以迅速的回到原文找到相关信息。Le Roy Ladurie很明显是作者举的一个例子,但是举这个例子的作用是什么?这个问题就要结合这段的内容去分析,这段的开头说“One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts”,根据这句话我们可以知道,Le Roy Ladurie的出现应该是研究法庭记录的一个例子。所以,这道题正确选项是A. 当然,选项如果写成 illustrate that these documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor” 也是可以的。
需要注意的是,像这类写作用意题,它的答案选项第一个主动词并不具有判别意义,不管是illustrate, 还是give an example, 还是verify,还是别的类似的词汇,都是平等同义词,不需要过多的关注。
小结:
上面是对细节题中两种比较重要的题型进行的分析,通过分析,我们知道,给定行数题和写作用意题通常是混在一起出现的。答案一定不要盲目地停留在所给定地行数处,考生一定要联系上下文的内容去分析答案。
篇3:GRE阅读细节题型分析
这类题的主要特点是,原文中有强对比的双方,题干只问及其中的一方,但是原文没有给出关于这方的叙述,而说了这方的强对比另一方的特征,所以答案却是对另一方叙述的取非。强对比关系层次比较多,例如,处于不同时间、历史时期、年代的事物通常其特点呈强对比;处于相对的地域、空间的事物通常其特点呈强对比;新事物、新观点和旧事物、传统观点呈强对比;用最高级、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同类事物的特征呈强对比等。针对这类题目,在第一篇读文章的时候及时敏锐地发现它们并在文中做好标记,为解题时回到文中定位做好充分地准备。这些强对比出现地地方,通常会伴随着一些表示这类强对比关系的标志性词语,如unlike, in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, new, current, once, until recently, only, unique, never……
根据强对比层次的不同,大体上将其分为:简单明示强对比、时间壮语强对比和优缺点强对比。下面就此进行具体分析:
1. 简单明示强对比
这类强对比属于普通的强对比,如文中说“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is…”等,这些都是明示强对比。下面我们用一个例子来具体说明:
Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them……
The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_____
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
分析:
在原文中,并没有提到大企业投标失败会如何,但是文中提到了小企业的情况,标志性的词语是unlike large businesses, 这就表明文中进行了强对比,通过这句话,“since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”,我们知道,小企业将会有财政和士气上的风险。根据这样的对比关系,大企业的情况应该与小企业的情况相反,所以,正确答案应该是A. 即“大企业会有一些波折,但是没有致命的财政影响”。

篇4:GRE阅读细节题型分析
GRE阅读的题型众多,之前我们对细节题中的给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比取非题进行了详细的分析,今天我们主要介绍一下细节题中另一种比较重要的题型——类比题。
类比题的特征:首先,题干中一般都把所问事物所在的行数给出;其次,所考的类比的现象一般都可以让考生在考场上看懂;另外,阅读中类比题要考的是大致感觉,模糊对应,而不是GRE词汇类比题中的精细词义、关系的类比;最后,阅读类比题的选项虽然长,但还算好懂,而且正误选项的区分度比较大。
GRE阅读中类比题常见的提问方式:
Which of the following is an example of the type of … described in Line 2-5?
The … presented by the author in Lines 19-20 is similar to which of the following?
Which of the following is most nearly analogous to … as described in the passage ?
即“下列哪一选项所述现象和原文第n行的说法比较相像?”
类比题的选项一般比较长,需要花较长的时间去看。但是,这类题的难度并不是很高,只要时间够用,耐心地去做,类比题也是很容易拿分的。类比题需要在原文的类比原型中找到两个特征作为类比要素,尽量剔除现象的叙述,将其特征扩大化到抽象的、普通的、更具广泛适应性的范围中;再在各个选项中对照类比要素,耐心地按顺序看答案;哪个选项具备类比要素地特征,哪个就是正确答案。
罗马数字题
罗马数字题是GRE阅读中出现比较多的一种题型,通常情况,考试的题型中定会有一道或两道这类题型。虽然,出题的数目不是很多,但是也要特别注意。罗马数字题主要考查考生对文章的理解以及一些逻辑推理能力。在对文章的时候要对一些例子、解释等特别关注,要在文中做好标记,以便迅速地找到答案。
罗马数字题题的基本结构:
The author provides following which of the following examples in the passage?
Ⅰ only
Ⅱ only
Ⅲ only
Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Ⅱ & Ⅲ
当遇到罗马数字题时,首先回原文找列举,没有列举再继续看题做答。做大多数罗马数字题有捷径可走的,考生应该在看完选项后先看备选答案。比如,几个备选答案都有Ⅰ,则Ⅰ肯定是正确的,就不必再判断了。
下面举一个具体的例子:
The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers……
It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.
……
无论做什么题,我们在对完文章后,都要清楚一个基本的问题,就是文章的结构和行文思路。这篇文章属于结论解释型文章,作者在第一段的第一句话就提出了结论,后面所以内容都是对这个结论的解释说明。所以,文章的首句是全文的中心句(topic sentence)。
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino?
I. Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific.
II. The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.
III. The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
篇5:GRE阅读细节题型分析
Except/Not 题
Except/Not 题,顾名思义,就是在题目中出现很明显的标志性的词语,如except 或者not.它的通常的提问方式是:The author provides following in the passage except…? 从这一提问中,我们可以知道,出题者考查的是考生对细节题的掌握情况,选项中肯定会有一个是原文中没有提到的,而这个正是正确的答案。其他的选项都是原文中已经提到或者列举出来的。因此,在读文章的时候,一定要注意文章中列举过的事例等,所以,做标记就起着至关重要的作用。
做标记的直接目的就是为了定位。一个人纵然记忆力再好,也不可能将原文中的众多考点、关注点记得分毫不差。俗话说的好,“好脑子不如烂笔头子”,别在关键时刻对自己盲目自信。有些人可能会觉得读文章做标记太浪费时间,其实不然。熟练以后,记一个考点可以在一秒钟内完成,甚至可以边读边写,不另外花时间。但是在没有任何标记的情形下,回到密密麻麻的英文原文钟定位可就不知道要花多少时间了。尤其对于那些专有名词繁多、观点繁多、事物之间关系复杂的文章来说,不做笔记,即便你找到原文的描述,恐怕也难一时理清它们的关系。
特别是在解答Except/Not题中,这类题并不要求考生对文章有多深的理解,主要是考查考生是否能准确地在文中定位。遇到Except/Not题,一般地解题步骤是:
1、首先在读文章的时候,对文章中的列举处做出标记
2、按照题目,去文章中找做过的标记
3、找强对比事物特点的叙述
4、找原文中对此叙述曾明确反对或者没有提及过的东西。
下面以一个例子去说明:
Isadora Duncan’s masterly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement. She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely. That day never came.
这篇文章属于典型的结论解释型文章。作者以这句话“Isadora Duncan’s masterly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills.”为开头,简明扼要地阐述了自己的结论,因此,文章的中心句即为首句。作者的结论是:伊莎多拉·邓肯关于舞蹈的高超著作揭示了她想创造一种新型抒情艺术的决心之深,该艺术抛弃了人物塑造、故事情节和戏剧性的技巧表现。后面的内容是对作者结论的解释说明。掌握的文章的结构框架和行文思路,在解答问题时就容易些了。
下面是一道Except/Not题:
According to the passage, Duncan intended to develop an art form that would do all of the following EXCEPT
(A) avoid the use of standard ballet techniques
(B) revitalize an earlier established vocabulary
(C) draw on internal sources of human expressiveness
(D) create intended effects without the use of acrobatic exaggeration
(E) derive inspiration solely from inner feelings
分析:
题目的意思是说“邓肯创作的艺术不做下列哪件事情?”,那么,答案的选项应该是找一个与原文叙述明确相反的观点。
A选项的说法:不使用标准芭蕾技巧。
这句话在文中的定位是She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet.意思是“她想要丢弃传统的方法和在类似芭蕾舞这样的艺术中已确立的舞蹈语言”,这句话的言外之意就是她不使用标准芭蕾技巧,所以,这种说法是正确的。
C选项的说法:利用人表达的内在因素。
这句话在文中的定位是to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 这句话正是C选项的表达。这样,C选项也是正确的。
D选项的说法:创造艺术效果不使用杂技性夸张。
E选项的说法:只从内心感觉激发灵感。
这两句话在原文中的定位是She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion.意思是“她不用过多的形体雕琢动作而是借助于自然形体动作,不受一些杂技性夸张动作的影响而只被内心的冲动所激发”,所以,D和E选项都是正确的。
B选项的说法:使一早先确立的舞蹈语言复活。 文中已经说了She wished to discard the traditional methods,即她想抛弃早先的语言。这是与原文的观点相反的说法,所以,这道题应该选B.
小结:
在Except/Not题型中,对于看不懂说什么,又好像原文提到过的选项不要一味纠缠,直接看下面的选项。因为多数时候,Except/Not题答案要比干扰选项更有特点。这类题目的答案通常不是原文明确反对过的,就是在原文中从未出现的内容,不会是模棱两可的选项。
篇6:GRE阅读题型细节解题思路讲解
GRE阅读题型细节解题思路汇总讲解
GRE阅读主旨题题型介绍
主旨题是GRE考试中唯一带有主观色彩的题型,它考察你对文章大意和总体结构的把握能力。前面我们说过,GRE阅读涉及的内容非常广泛,考古,生物,文学和社会科学几乎无所不包。那么,是否就没有技巧可谈了吗?绝对不是。文章内容可能千差万别,但文章的写作方式却只有寥寥的两种,即记叙文和议论文。记叙文是对某一件事,某一个现象或者某一个人的描述,即对客观事物的纪录和叙述,其中没有或者几乎没有作者自己的观点。记叙文有时间顺序和空间顺序两种组织形式。而议论文是作者根据某一客观事物或观点发表自己的看法,并用例子或者理由来证明作者自己的观点。根据文章的内容,议论文可以分成立论和驳论两种。
而根据文章的组织形式,议论文可以有3种组织结构,分别为:从具体到概括模式,从概括到具体模式以及递进模式。在GRE阅读中,没有真正的记叙文。也就是说,阅读文章基本上都是议论文,作者总是试图让你接受他的某一个观点。在证明自己的观点时,作者总是应用一些例子,即论据。这些论据和论点之间的有机结合就成了典型的GRE阅读文章。掌握中心思想的技巧在于文章每个段落的第一句。标准化的考试决定了文章组织结构的严谨性,即条理清晰和结构完整。条理清晰表现为写作模式不是具体到概括模式就是概括到具体模式,或者递进模式,而且承上启下的过渡词汇都出现在每个段落的第一句;结构完整表现为内容的完整性和单一性,即每一篇文章都能向你传达一个而且只有一个有意义的观点或者论点,不会让你读后感觉到不知文章所云为何物。
GRE阅读排除题题型介绍
排除题,顾名思义,就是符合某种条件的几个例子,例子可以是某几个事件,动作,情况或者人物。排除题有两种形式,一种是取非,它问你四个选项中哪一个原文中没有提及。应对的办法仍然是定位原文,然后采用排除法,直至找到正确答案。第二种排除题要你在四个选项种找出哪一个选项在原文中提及,应对的措施仍然是根据关键词定位。其实,排除题并不难,出现的概率也比较大,每篇阅读大概出现一题。
GRE阅读细节题题型介绍
细节题是最简单的题型,但也是GRE阅读部分出现得最多的题型。只要你能定位原文,问题就迎刃而解。题目问的内容中都已经在原文直接提到,只是用同义词或者不同的语言组织改写而已。常见的改写方式有形容词与副词之间的改写,动词与动名词之间的改写。技巧在于寻找词根。细节改写题提问的是文章中的某个细节,如组织结构词(原因,特点),学科术语,行业术语,比喻,符号或者具体的数字。只要你能准确定位,这些题都比较简单,因为只是对原文的复述或改写:
According to the passage/author...
The author states that...
The author mentions which one of the following as...
一般说来,这些题都会告诉你很直接的定位线索,如“在文章中的第几行”或者和文章结构密切相连的词或短语。事实上,文章中有很多很多细节,而这么多的细节当中只有很少的一部分在以后问题中问及。奇怪的是这些被考到的细节你很快就能在文章中定位,因为有一部分你在阅读时已经记住;问题会告诉你在文章中的哪一行;或者为了回答这些问题你必须自己找到这些细节。
GRE阅读暗示推理题题型介绍
在你选出答案以前,其实你并不知道这是暗示推理题,你的概念或许只有细节题,即除了中心思想题以外所有题都是细节题。事实上,在真正做题时,你也不必事先判断它是属于哪一类题型,我们将其归类的目的是为了让你对考试的题型有一个确切的把握。也就是说,如果 你碰到某一道“细节题”,顺利地将关键词定位以后,你仍然不能很快地确定到底是哪一个选项正确时,你不要灰心,因为有一种比复述题稍微复杂一点的题,即暗示推理题。这一过 程,我们的题型分类就起作用了,因为它事先给了你思想准备,即对未知的考题有一个合理的期待。
GRE阅读作者思路题题型介绍
如果说中心思想题要你做的是归纳文章大意的话,那么在作者思路题中你所要做的是识别文章的组织结构。大意和组织结构构成了文章的框架。如果你能顺利地总结文章的大意,即中心思想,你也能顺利的求解作者思路题。作者思路题包括段落用意和举例佐证两种。解题的办法在于相信这样一个原则,文章的每一个词,每一句,和每个段落都是和文章论题有关的,不是用来证明作者观点的论据就是作者要批判的论据。
无论GRE阅读部分怎么考,都离不开GRE考试阅读这6种题型。只有掌握好这6种题型,相信你的阅读部分分值应该不会低。
GRE长难句练习及解析:伊斯兰
Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
Islam,/ on the other hand,/ represented a radical breakaway/ from the Arab paganism/ that preceded it;/ Islamic law/ is the result of/ an examination,/ from a religious angle,/ of legal subject matter/ that was/ far from uniform,/ comprising as it did/ the various components/ of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia/ and numerous legal elements/ taken over from/ the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.
译文:伊斯兰,在另一方面,代表着与伊斯兰法以前的阿拉伯异教的决裂;伊斯兰法是一种从宗教的角度检查的结果,检查的对象是远远谈不上统一的法律主体事物;它包括了伊斯兰教出现以前的阿拉伯法律的种.种成分,并包含了很多被征服的非阿拉伯地区那里拿来的法律因素。
GRE长难句练习及解析:期的纺织厂主们
For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.
【标识】
For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, 1[in justifying women’s employment] 2[in wage labor], made much of the assumption 3[that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores]; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order 4[hoary stereotypes] 5[associated with the homemaking activities] 6[that they presumed] 7[to have been the purview of women].
【难点】
1. 介词结构倒装。in justifying women’s employment修饰entrepreneurs。2. 介词结构倒装。in wage labor修饰women’s employment。3. 同位语从句。that引导的同位语从句进一步解释assumption。4. 宾语倒装。hoary stereotypes是imported的直接宾语。5. 分词结构倒装。associated with the homemaking activities修饰stereotypes。6. 定语从句及省略。that引导的定语从句修饰activities,此处省略引导词that。7. 介词结构倒装。to have been the purview of women修饰activities。
【译文】
比如,早期的纺织厂主们在说明他们在工资劳动中雇佣妇女的理由时,已经做了很大程度的假设,他们认为妇女天生就擅长做细活,并在进行重复性的杂务时也更加细心;因此,早期的纺织厂主们就把这样的陈词滥调引入到了新的工业秩序中,即认为家务劳动是妇女的天职。
【3s版本】
纺织厂主倾向于雇女工是因为他们的成见认为妇女擅长干细致的家务活。
篇7:新GRE填空阅读考试题型细节解读
新GRE填空阅读考试题型细节解读 出题形式请提前记牢
新GRE语文考试填空题型变化
从内容改革看,新GRE考试更加注重学生实际运用语言能力的考察。新GRE取消语文部分的类比和反义题,代之以阅读理解与生活场景题,减少了对单纯词汇意义的考察,但强调“高级认知能力”,更多地要求学生基于语境理解,强调推理和分析能力。考生不必再像以前那样死记硬背大量的生僻单词,但在填空方面加大了理解的难度,强调根据上下文理解词汇的含义。这给重记忆轻推理、重归纳轻演绎的中国学生增加了压力,也提醒考生应更为关注和适应研究生学院和商学院的思维方式。
传统GRE考试(一下简称老GRE)的填空题形式比较单一。即:一段话中设置1或2个空格,根据已有文字的提示完成空格。而新GRE考试的填空题出现了多样化的特点,同时难度有所上升。考试题型基本可以分为以下三种。
新GRE语文考试填空题型
1. 五选一
题干由1-2句话构成,中间设置一个空格,给出5个备选选项
2. 三选一
两空/三空三选一
题干由1-5句话构成,中间设置两个或三个空格,给出3个备选选项:
3. 句子平衡问题
句子平衡问题包含一个句子,一个空格,6个选项。要求考生在其中选出2个答案使得句子意思一致。只选出一个答案不得分。
新GRE语文考试阅读题出题方式
新GRE阅读大量模仿了GMAT逻辑题的出题方式。一言以蔽之:新GRE阅读 = 老GRE阅读 + GMAT逻辑。
新GRE阅读中在保留了老GRE长文和短文的基础上,还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章,称之为微文。微文虽然微小,但极具逻辑。
新GRE语文考试阅读题题型
新GRE改革后语文部分做出了调整,而新GRE阅读理解题包含三种题型:
五选一( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One Answer Choice )
三选多( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One or More Answer Choices )
句子功能题( Select-in-Passage )
其中第一种“五选一”就是目前GRE阅读的题型。而第二种“三选多”(从三个选项中选出所有适合的答案,正确答案数不定,只选出部分正确答案者 不得分)与第三种“句子功能”题(找到原文中与选项描述相一致的句子并点击该句子)都是阅读理解部分新增的题型。对于新GRE语文部分的内容考生不用慌 张,主要还是对单词和阅读的把握。
新GRE语文考试阅读题考试形式
新GRE阅读中,目前已出现的两种情况:
(1)一个Section有4篇文章,均为短阅读,长度约为150~180字左右,每篇题目数量依次为3道,2道,2道,2道,总的题目数量为9道,此时逻辑题为1道.
(2)一个Section有3篇文章,1篇为长阅读,长度约为400~500字左右,题目数为4道,另附2篇短阅读,题目数依次为1道和3道,总共题目数为8道,此时逻辑题为2道.
个人观点:在每个Verbal Section中最多一篇长阅读,由于时间限制的原因,这在超时的OG和限时PP软件上的套题中均有所体现.在题型方面,相较于旧GRE传统的5选1题型,新G在5选1题型基础上,新增了句子选择题以及三项多选题.
总体而言,从文章的难度上,新GRE并没有改变旧GRE文章深奥、句子复杂等特点,同时在题型上注重对于文章具体句子和词汇的考察,也延续了对于文章中事物逻辑的考察,文章主题的把握.文章长度上的整体缩短,但是在题量上的增加,会导致阅读难度不断加大.
GRE填空500题词汇精选真题详解
题目
Within the culture as a whole, natural science has been so successful that the word “scientific” is used in (i)___ manner; it is often assumed that to call something “scientific” is to imply that its reliability has been (ii)___ by research whose results cannot reasonably be (iii)___ .
Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)
A. an ironic D. maligned G. exaggerated
B. an literal E. challenged H. anticipated
C. an honorific F. established I. disputed
正确答案
CFI
题目解析
原句翻译:在整个文化中,自然科学如此深入人心,以至于 “ 科学的 ” 这个词的使用都自带光环;我们通常假设,被称为 “ 科学的 ” 事物,已经通过实验建立了相当的可信性,其结果合理,难以推翻。
词汇含义
看上去三空一大段,但结构非常简单,就是 so … that 引导的因果关系,三个空都指向 successful,选项中都找正评价就好。
ironic 反讽的,反语的,与期望完全相反的
literal 字母的,(修辞等)平实不夸张的,照字面的,完全遵照原文的
honorific 尊敬的
maligned 被污蔑的
anticipate 预料,预期,预见到(要发生的事或需要做的事)而采取措施,先于(某人)做某事
dispute 争论(某事物),质疑(某事物)
reliability 【MWC】the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials 科学的可重复性,句中译为可信性,因为越可重复实验获得相同或符合实验预期的结果,越具有 reliability 。
GRE填空500题词汇精选真题详解
题目
Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as a young child’s (i)___ virtue, it turns out that lying is the more (ii)___ skill. A child who is going to lie must recognize the truth intellectually, conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. Therefore, lying (iii)___ both cognitive development and social skills that honesty simply does not require.
Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)
A. an instinctive D. advanced G. undermines
B. an acquired E. practical H. forgoes
C. a conscious F. mundane I. demands
正确答案
BDI
题目解析
原句翻译:鉴于孩子们日常生活富于幻想,你也许会觉得诚实需要孩子们后天习得,结果撒谎才是更高级的技能。一个孩子要撒谎,首先要在理智上认清真相,再设想另一种现实,然后还得说服他人接受假想的情形。所以,撒谎同时需要认知发展和社交技能,诚实不需要。
词汇含义
第二句完整清晰,根据第二句,已经可以判断第三空。
undermine 侵蚀…的基础,暗中破坏,在…下面挖(出空间)
forgo 放弃(利益或好处)
补全了第三句,lying 和 honesty 的关系就清楚了,也就解决了第二空。
advanced 高度发达的,复杂的,超前的,进步的,晚期阶段的
practical 实践的,实际的,实用的,注重实效的
mundane 普通的,世俗的
第一空的判断,主要是根据 given 引导的因果关系。“鉴于孩子日常生活爱幻想(不真),所以诚实(真)是需要后天学习的。”
instinctive 本能的,直觉的
acquired 后天获得的,后天习得的
concious 有意识的,情形的,察觉的,注意到的,自觉的,蓄意的
第一句的逻辑关系,让步嵌套因果。因果很好理解,因为有 given 作为指示词一目了然;让步关系并没有指示词,但如果仔细读第一句,的确可以理解为:(尽管)因为孩子爱幻想,你可能觉得诚实需要学,(但)实际上撒谎才是更高级的技能(即更需要学)。不过反正它也不影响选项判断。
GRE填空500题词汇精选真题详解
题目
The museum’s compelling new architectural exhibition looks at 11 projects around the world that have had major (i)___ impacts despite modest budgets. It is part of (ii)___ in the museum’s architecture and design department, which in the past has championed architecture's artistic value over its real-world consequences.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
A. social D. an emphasis on theory
B. aesthetic E. a shift in philosophy
C. critical F. a rejection of pragmatism
正确答案
AE
题目解析
原句翻译:博物馆新的建筑设计展相当吸引眼球,关注世界各地 11 座造价不高,却有着巨大社会影响力的建筑。这部分反映了博物馆建筑与设计部门基础理念的转变,过去相较于对真实世界的影响,他们更强调建筑物的艺术价值。
词汇含义
look at 此处作 consider
compelling 引人注意的,强迫的,有说服力的
philosophy 此处不作哲学解释,【MWC】the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group 基本理念、观念
champion (做动词时)支持,维护
本题稍有难度,在于两句话不是完全对等的逻辑重复。
我们熟悉的模式是题目可以明显分成两部分,二者充分叙述的信息组合起来,可以完整地阐述一种逻辑,让我们根据这种逻辑去补全关键信息,比如
“ A 跟 B ___ :他们昨天还因为加班问题吵了起来。”
根据后半段,我们推测空格应该填 “不合 / 有矛盾” 这样感觉的搭配。
本句的难点在于,第一句的比较是 ___ impacts 和 modest budgets,第二句的比较在于 artistic value 和 real-world concequences 。
有些同学可能贸然在第一空选了 aesthetic,第二空选了 rejection of pragmatism。
这种选法的错误在于它把后一句话变成了废话,“这部分表现了博物馆拒绝实用主义,他们以前就强调美学意义大于实际影响”。如果博物馆的态度从来没变,干嘛要特别用 in the past 呢?直接说他们一直这样就好了。
这种理解显然不如 AE 通顺,以前强调艺术价值,现在更强调建筑的社会影响。所以,第一空 social 对应后文的 real-world consequences,而非 artistic value,第二句更是没再提经济方面的考虑,modest budgets 只是疑兵。
GRE填空500题词汇精选真题详解
题目
The author of this travel guide (i)___ to show readers Cairo as it really is, but his information is not reliable. For instance, his geography is (ii)___ , with one walking tour covering areas of the city that are twenty miles apart.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
A. designs D. erratic
B. forbears E. erudite
C.purports F. extensive
正确答案
CD
题目解析
原句翻译:这本旅行指南的作者声称要向读者介绍真正的开罗,但书中有很多信息不实。比方说,地理上就不靠谱,相隔二十英里的不同景区竟然被归于同一个徒步行程中。
词汇含义
1 mile = 1609 meters
第一空比较难:
选 A 的同学认为作者本意是好的,但好心办坏事;
选 B 的同学认为作者克制、停止、阻碍(自己)办好事,所以写砸了;
但 A、B 显然不如 purport 准确:
purport 【MWC】to have the often specious appearance of being, intending, or claiming (something implied or inferred) 声称,假充(实际上不是,或做不到)
结合题意,作者 声称 他要给读者展示真正的开罗,但他实际上没做到。
erratic 飘忽不定的,无常的,不规则的,不可靠的
erudite 博学的
extensive 广大的,大量的,粗放的
新GRE填空阅读考试题型细节解读
篇8:GRE阅读高频题型主旨题和细节题实例解读
GRE阅读高频题型主旨题和细节题实例解读
GRE阅读题题型介绍
GRE阅读题大体上分为主旨题和细节题两大类
主旨题型
主要指的是主旨题和态度题,问的是文章在说什么在表达什么,作者的态度是什么等这类的问题,针对这类问题,要求考生对全文有很好的把握,特别要注意一些起承转会的词语如however,but等。
细节题型
包括给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比互取非题、改进性取非题、Except/Not题、逻辑题、题、类比题等等,这类题型都需要的是对原文的定位,考生要快速的找出问题在文中的相应位置,然后解答有时需要加上一些逻辑是非题等。
通常情况下,主旨题是GRE阅读题中最常见的一种题型,每篇文章都会对此进行考查,因此,这是很重要的一种题型,掌握了这种题型的出题思路,拿分是很容易的事。
主旨题和态度题一般事相互的,在考查主旨题时,都会作者的一种态度问题,所以这里把这两中题型放在一起来介绍。主旨题涉及的内容也有很多类:有针对文章内容的;有针对文章结构的;也有对作者的写作手法的。
主旨题主要考点
总体来说,判断整篇文章的结构类型,Topic Sentence,Structural Elements及作者态度是做主旨题的基础。结构类型相同的文章,尽管内容不尽相同,但是主旨题的答案却有相当程度的可比性。如“全文论证一个观点型”,“新观点推翻旧观点型”文章等。
主旨题常见出题方式和实例分析
1.针对文章的内容大意(main idea及primary purpose)的提问
这是主旨题中最常见的一种提问方式,大约占主旨题出现率的70%左右。
常见的提问方式:
The primary purpose of the passage is to??
The author is primarily concerned with ??
The passage focuses primarily on which of the following ??
下面以一篇短阅读为例子来说明:(4月阅读真题)
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth’s subsurface,the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves.In field practice,a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources,such as small dynamite explosions,in a grid pattern.As each source is activated,it generates a wave train that moves downward at a speed determined uniquely by the rock’s elastic
characteristics.As rock interfaces are crossed,the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly,which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface,where it is recorded by seismic instruments.The seismic records must be processed to correct for positional differences between the source and the receiver,for unrelated wave trains,and for multiple reflections from the rock interfaces.Then the data acquired at each of the specific source locations are combined to generate a physical profile of the subsurface,which can eventually be used to select targets for drilling. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) Describing an important technique
(B) Discussing a new method
(C) Investigating a controversial procedure
(D) Announcing a significant discovery
(E) Promoting a novel application
分析:
首先,可以确定本文属于结论说明型文章,首句即为这篇文章的topic sentence,“地震波反射仍为探测石油资源的最佳工具”。那么选项A “描述一项重要技术”,与之对应得最好,一般情况,选项中的答案肯定不是原文中的原句形式,而是原句的改写形式,中心意思并没有变化。
由于此类题和作者的态度有关,所以正确选项中有关态度的描述应该和作者在原文里的态度是完全一致的。有时,某选项虽然所说的主题词和原文的focus一样,但是如果态度描述不完全符合原文的意思,该选项也是不正确的。
2.针对文章结构型(organization)的提问
这类题型也是主旨题中较常见的一种提问角度,大约占主旨题的20%左右。答案往往是对文章的结构组织的概括,很多时候旧是与文章结构有关的Structural Elements的概括和直接改写形式。
3.其他主旨题
其他类型的主旨题出现频率相对较低,但是也相对容易些,可总结的规律较多。
以上就是关于GRE阅读主旨题解题技巧的介绍,通过结合实例进行的剖析,相信大家都能有所了解,希望大家熟练掌握这种题型的解题思路和技巧,提高阅读题的正确率和解题效率,祝大家都能取得好成绩。
新GRE阅读练习题
Joyce: Three years ago the traffic commission modified our town's busiest intersection for better visibility, a commendable effort to cut down on traffic accidents there.
Gary: Over the past three years there have been more, not fewer, traffic accidents per week at that intersection, so the modification has increased the likelihood of accidents there
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating Gary's argument?
(A) What proportion of the town's drivers involved in accidents that occurred prior to the modification suffered personal injury in their accidents?
(B) How long, on average, had the members of the traffic commission held their offices when the modification was implemented?
(C) Do a majority of the town's residents approve of the traffic commission's overall performance?
(D) What measures have nearby towns taken within the last three years in order to improve visibil-ity at dangerous intersections?
(E) How has the volume of traffic at the town's busiest intersection changed over the last three years?
答案:C
新GRE阅读练习题
Although spinach is rich in calcium, it also contains large amounts of oxalic acid, a substance that greatly impedes calcium absorption by the body. Therefore, other calcium-containing foods must be eaten either instead of or in addition to spinach if a person is to be sure of getting enough calcium.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argu-ment above?
(A)Rice, which does not contain calcium, counteracts the effects of oxalic acid on calcium absorption.
(B) Dairy products, which contain even more calcium than spinach does, are often eaten by people who eat spinach on a regularbasis.
(C) Neither the calcium nor the oxalic acid in spinach is destroyed when spinach is cooked.
(D) Many leafy green vegetables other than spinach that are rich in calcium also contain high concentrations of oxalic acid.
(E) Oxalic acid has little effect on the body's ability to absorb nutrients other than calcium.
答案:E
新GRE阅读练习题
Juries in criminal trials do not base verdicts on uncor-roborated testimony given by any one witness. Rightly so, because it is usually prudent to be highly skeptical of unsubstantiated claims made by any one person. But then, to be consistent, juries should end an all-too-common practice: convicting defendants on the basis of an uncorroborated full confession. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
(A) Juries often acquit in cases in which a defendant retracts a full confession made before trial.
(B) The process of jury selection is designed to screen out people who have a firm opinion about the defendant's guilt in advance of the trial.
(C) Defendants sometimes make full confessions when they did in fact do what they are accused of doing and have come to believe that the prose-cutor has compelling proof of this.
(D) Highly suggestible people who are accused of wrongdoing sometimes become so unsure of their own recollection of the past that they can come to accept the accusations made against them.
(E) Many people believe that juries should not con-vict defendants who have not made a full con-fession.
答案:E
新GRE阅读练习题
As government agencies, faced with budget difficul-ties, reduce their funding for scientific research, a greater amount of such research is being funded by private foundations. This shift means that research projects likely to produce controversial results will almost certainly comprise a smaller proportion of all funded research projects, since private foundations, concerned about their public image, tend to avoid controversy.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Only research that is conducted without concern for the possibility of generating controversy is likely to produce scientifically valid results.
(B) Private foundations that fund scientific research projects usually recognize that controversial results from those projects cannot always be avoided.
(C) Scientists who conduct research projects funded by private foundations are unlikely to allow the concerns of the funding organizations to influ-ence the manner in which they conduct the research.
(D) Many government agencies are more concerned about their public image than are most private foundations.
(E) Government agencies are more willing than are private foundations to fund research projects that are likely to produce controversial results.
答案:B
篇9:托福阅读如何高效解题保证得分
托福阅读如何高效解题保证得分?这些提速提分技巧赶紧来学
托福阅读提分需具备基本技能
首先需要明确的一点是,托福考试 中对于考生的阅读能力有较高要求,而这种要求不仅体现在阅读部分,考试中的其它部分也都需要运用到大家的阅读能力,因此,提升阅读能力是解决托福阅读时间问题的关键所在。具体来说,托福考试不仅有单独的托福阅读理解测试,而且在口语以及写作方面的测试中也明显的对阅读能力提出了要求。按照ETS的官方说明,托福阅读中的文章都是科普文章,结构特征和内容特征是比较明显的,所以大家可以从以下四个方面来提升托福阅读的解题效率减少耗时。
1. 打好词汇基础是阅读提速第一步
想要做好托福阅读,背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要学员自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是,托福考试中,对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以,更重要的是要学会应用,学会在文章中理解使用单词。
2. 搞定长难句阅读速度更理想
同中文的一句一句短小的句子不同,英文中的句子多是长句,有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句,以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯,不能适应句子的2.语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看,扩大泛读。
3.把握文章结构有助提升整体阅读速度
托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章,而这类文章的特点之一就是大都具有明确的文章结构,特别是文章的中心内容和各个段落的大意,往往会在段落的段首第一句就直接给出,也就是说,考生如果能够熟练掌握学术类文章的大致结构,就能很大幅度提升阅读和理解文章的速度,对于解题中寻找各类核心内容细节案例的题型也会有更高效的定位方法。
4.特殊题型阅读对应部分即可做题
除了文章的结构固定外,托福阅读题型中有很多题型都有比较高效的解决方法。比如出现频率较高的主旨题和态度题等等,看似需要通读全文才能解答,实际上都可以依靠快速阅读或者直接寻找中心句主旨句和态度词等便捷方法快速解决,掌握解题技巧后能够为大家节省出很多时间。
多做笔记也能提升阅读速度
除了上述技巧外,托福阅读考试过程中,学会快速记笔记也是有效地把握文章结构,记录重要信息的手段。如果大家能够养成边读边记的习惯,会让理解效率大大提高。从这个角度来看,同学们更应该以托福考试为契机,培养自己这种良好的阅读习惯,从而在学习和研究中达到事半功倍的效果。
托福阅读:当心否定事实信息题中的“陷阱”
Negative Factual Information Questions,一般译作否定事实信息题,有时也被称为反向事实信息题、排除列举题或选非题,在阅读十大题型中出错率一直较高。出错的原因,往往被简单归结于“粗心大意”。诚然,在其他题型的解答过程中,同学们往往都是在努力寻找与原文说法最为接近的选项,而遇到否定事实信息题,由于思维惯性,在看到与原文说法基本一致但本该被排除的选项的时候,往往会忘记题目中那个大大的EXCEPT或NOT,导致错选。
但是,只是说不要“粗心大意”并没有什么用,就像在穿越雷区的时候只是说“要当心哦”并没有太多实际的帮助。只有当我们了解到哪里可能埋雷,哪里可能会有陷阱,才更有可能避开危险,安全抵达目的地。而在否定事实信息题的解答过程中,对题型认知不够准确是一些题目错误率居高不下的主要原因。
而且这锅还真得由ETS(即托福考试出题人)来背。在其出版的《托福考试官方指南》中,关于否定事实信息题的介绍如下:
Negative Factual Information Questions
These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.
简单翻译就是,这类题型要求你根据文章中所明确给出的信息判断哪些选项的说法是正确的,哪些是不正确或文章中未提及的。需要先在文章中定位相关信息,然后判断哪三个选项的说法正确而哪个选项是错误的。并且记住,对于这类题型来说,正确答案反而是那个说法不正确的选项。
以上,同学们很容易得出的结论即是,为了答对否定事实信息题,我们需要排除三个与原文说法一致的选项,找到那个说法不一致,或未提及的选项。而在绝大多数时候,这个判断选项的思路是正确的。例如在Spartina这篇文章中,有一道否定事实信息题:
Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the dayand exposed others).
According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT:
A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes.
B. It grows well in intertidal zones.
C. It iscommonly referred to as cordgrass.
D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast of the United States.
正确答案A中的否定词rarely使得该选项与原文第一句的说法正好相反。
但是,有些题目之所以错误率高,或同学们在答题的时候觉得难,觉得正确答案不好找,往往因为这些题属于所谓的“例外”,即常规思路看似不适用的情况。有许多否定事实信息题,仅从选项的措辞来看,四个选项看似都与原文的某些内容一致。而这是我们在解读官方指南的时候往往会忽略掉的一种可能性,也即是本文标题中所指的“陷阱”。如果没有意识到这种可能性的存在,遇到此类题目的时候,出错的几率自然大大提高。
例如以下这道经典例题,来自Westward Migration这篇文章:
Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them acrossthe Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lackedthe ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover,European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid;some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.
According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A. the desire to move from one place to the next
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
C. the opportunity to change jobs
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
本题正确答案D选项来自原文中的这句话The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. 很多同学在答题的过程中只记得看到了“因为宗教或政治而迁徙”这个内容,从而认为D选项与原文说法一致,就想当然的按照惯例排除了这个选项导致错选。但只要稍微细心,就能够意识到这是部分美国人的欧洲祖先迁移到美国的原因,而不是美国人西迁的原因,反而是可以直选的正确答案。
而另一道来自Role of Play in Development这篇文章的例题:
Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually veryactive, involving movement in space and, at times, noise making. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth orfor building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT
A. exposure to predators
B. abuildup of fat stores
C. a lossof fuel that could be used for growth
D. riskof injury from slipping or falling
正确答案B选项看似在文章中有直接对应的内容“building up fat stores”,但仔细阅读会发现,失去用以形成脂肪的能量才是玩耍的代价之一,而脂肪本身的积累并不是。甚至这里的B和C选项可视作一对矛盾选项,非此即彼,必有一为正确答案。
同样,在Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia这篇文章中有一道题:
The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruptionor grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.
According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to theindustrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT
A. Generally liberal trade policies
B. Huge projects undertaken by the state
C. Relatively uncorrupt governments
D. Relatively little social or political disruption
正确答案B选项也似乎与原文中的“grandiose state projects”一致,但联系前半句话中的without就会意识到正好与问题中的EXCEPT对应,这个答案也是可以直选出来的。而这道题的B和C选项也是原文中的并列结构,被处理成了正好矛盾的选项。
还有更多例题这里就不一一列举了,而我们可以得出的结论是:否定事实信息题的四个选项,需要被排除的那三个一定与原文说法一致,而需要被选出来的那个正确答案,由于选取的只是部分内容,1)可能直接与原文矛盾,2)可能属于完全未提及,甚至3)看似在原文中能够找到对应,实际内容也符合题目,可以做直选。而意识到正确选项的这三种可能性,意识到否定事实信息题的四个选项在原文中都可能有对应,能帮助避免只凭借部分信息就认定选项对错的这种“粗心大意”,也往往比仅仅采用排除法解题更有效率。
但是再仔细想想,任何题型的正确答案,不就应该是符合题目要求的选项吗。从这个角度来看,并不存在所谓的“例外”,无非是题目和选项的措辞,使得否定事实信息题的正确答案也可能与原文的某些内容一致,刚好能够回答问题。
说到底,仔细读题目,仔细读原文,仔细读选项,句子要看完整,不要看一半就想当然,等等这些最基本的要求,是在练习和考试中都要始终如一地坚定贯彻执行的。所谓的技巧,无非是对于各种规律和套路的总结。对于前人的经验,从来不是去盲目相信或生搬硬套,而是在反复验证的过程中,去完善和优化,并最终成为自己可以熟练运用的能力。
托福阅读:寻找题干能力对于highlighted sentences解题过程的重要性
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
在这里要注意,highlighted sentences的题目是直接给出明确的做题指导的,那就是错误的句子会1)漏掉句子中的重要信息。2)曲解句子的意思。
在现实做题备考过程中,学生们往往很容易看出曲解句子意思选项,知道不可以选,但容易在一些信息全对的选项上犹豫。这几个选项的信息原文句子都有提到,那我究竟应该选择哪一个选项呢?
其实在托福考试的highlighted sentences题型中,其实有一条“潜规则”,那就是:那句highlighted sentence的主干其实就是句子的重要信息。所以,在这个时候,分析句子题干就成为了一个至关重要的能力。就让我们先一起看一道例题吧!
Paragraph3: The West had plenty of attractions: thealluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky,sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for$100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in papermoney. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
O Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
O The fertile soils ofthe West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
O Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
O The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
这是TPO 20-1 Westward Migration 的 highlighted sentences 题,初看这道题,很多单词量不够大的学生是很有压力的,所以他们会觉得这道题很难做出来的原因是因为太多单词看不懂,比如alluvial,fecund, loam, prairies, sterile, depletion…… 但对于很多单词量大的同学,也很容易选择A或者D这两个选项,然后在我提示他们答案并不是A的时候表示惊讶:啊?那剩下还有别的选项能选吗?
其实,出现这两种情况的原因都是因为同学们没有从找题干的角度分析这道题。于是现在,就让我们先暂时不看选项,而是单独看这个highlighted sentence,找寻一下这个句子的主干。
其实,这个句子虽然复杂,但静下心里看,主干还是很明显的。这个句子的冒号前后是两句话,重点是冒号后面的那一句,仔细看的话,会发现the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies这一群很复杂的词组组成了主语,were tempting to… and to… 构成了谓语,New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land和southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.构成了宾语,所以整个句子的结构就非常清晰了,那就是:
X.X.X were tempting to X.X.X and X.X.X.
翻译成中文就是:X.X.X 正在引诱X.X.X.
所以,这个句子的主干,是一定包含了X.X.X正在引诱X.X.X 这个意思的,如果选项中没有包含了这个意思,就不是正确选项。那么这时候,同学们再来看一看这道题,应该选择什么呢?
A选项虽然包含了很多句子中的信息,但它唯独没有X.X.X正在引诱X.X.X的意思,所以不是正确答案。
B选项虽然是最短的选项,语言也非常概括,但它是麻雀虽小,五脏俱全。其中的drew就有吸引的意思,所以其实这是一个可以选择的选项。
C选项整个意思倒过来了,不是西部农民,而是东南部农民更容易被soilerosion所影响。
D选项的信息也没有错,但跟A选项一样,它也不包含主干内容。
所以最后我们的答案是B选项。这个让大家都觉得太短了,信息太少的选项反而是正确答案,就因为它是唯一一个信息没错误又包含了句子主干内容的选项。所以,其实从某种意义上来说,就算同学们不认识那些生词,只要找到主干,知道temptto的意思,就也能运用我们的分析主干技巧来顺利选出B选项。
现在,同学们是不是已经掌握了托福的highlighted sentences 主干就是句子的重要信息的“潜规则”了?有了这样的技巧,大家就再来试一道题吧!
The frequency with which certain simplemotifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt adescriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from theextensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, whichare covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave ways or leave out essential information.
○ The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
○ Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites, the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
○ Because the Panaramitee style is socommon in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
○ The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
这道题的答案是...
B
因为原句的主干是X.X.X has led researchers to adopt a term。所以正确选项里面一定要包含X.X.X让研究人员采用一个term的信息。纵观4个选项,A,D都没有这个信息,其实C选项也没有,described it most extensively并不是采用一个term,更何况extensive(ly)在原文中并不是修饰describe而是修饰rock pavements,所以这里还出现了信息错误。最后再让我们来看B选项,B选项虽然没提到researchers,但它包含了一个term被采纳的信息。所以B选项是毫无疑问的正确答案。
托福送分题型——词汇题
词汇量少的宝宝可看好了哦!
最易忽视的线索1:与词汇搭配的介词。
任何词性的单词与介词搭配,词义都由介词的词义定。举个简单的例子:seek for/search for/hunt for/look for,都由for 来搭配,虽然四个动词从词义上来说有区别,但都是表示找寻什么,也是因为介词for的作用。For有表“目标”的意思。
TPO1-2
24. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.
The word “penchant” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Compromise B. Inclination C. Tradition D. Respect
解析:介词for可以用来表示“去向,趋势”。比如:I’ll leave for Chicago tomorrow.四个选项里面B具有明显的趋向性,所以答案为B。
DELTA EXERCISE
When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as multiple surfaces on which the moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets.
The word “hoisted”in the passage is close in meaning to
A. Lifted B.Grouped C. Returned D. Pointed
解析:介词up可以用来表示“在……上面”,所以答案为A。
TPO1-3
37. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating ground water…
The word “plugged”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. washed B. dragged C. filled up D. Soaked through
解析:介词with可以用来表示“在一起、用、有”。plugged 所在句子句意大致为:原本的颗粒之间的缝隙并没有完全被粘性的化学物质所X.X。鉴于有with,可以猜测是因为粘性的化学物质把缝隙连起来了,C选项的filledup表示填充,正好符合,所以答案为C。
DELTA EXERCISE
One of the rose’s most common associations in folklore is with death. The Romans oftendecked the tombs of the dead with roses;
The word “decked” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Painted B. Separated C. Decorated D. Disguised
解析:decked和介词with这里搭配,with就表示“用和伴随”。那么通过句意可以猜到是用玫瑰花装饰死者的坟墓,所以答案为C。
TPO2-3
37. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.
The word expanded in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Was enlarged B. Was improved
C. Was varied D. Was rejected
解析:expanded和介词from…to在这里搭配,而from…to本来就表示变化。from后面是1or 2 inches (in height)1或2英寸高,to后面是life-size…6 or 9 feet真实大小,6或9英尺。那么“从小变大”,答案为A。
线索2:逻辑关系-转折or 同义重申。所以答案应该在与原文句子里的单词有近义词或反义词当中寻找。是不是太简单粗暴了?是的,我们就是这样的。
所有的逻辑关系我们都可以简化为转折和同义重申。有转折词的即为转折,无转折词的即为同义重申(同样的范畴和语气通过不同的方式再说一次)。
词与词之间:
TPO1-2
15. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.
The word “championed”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Changed B. Debated C. Created D. Supported
解析:The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists……中,championed其实是和accepted是并列的关系,都是用来修饰theory的。那么accepted这个词是个常规词汇,意思为接受,那么championed也就是相近的意思,那么答案为D,接受的,支持的。
句子内部:
TPO 2-1
3. There is little doubt, however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
The word delicate in the passage isclosest in meaning to
A. fragile B. predictable C. complex D. valuable
解析:exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures中,delicate是用来修饰ecological balance的,后面紧跟着有个“and”,因此其语气应该和后面的limited in the potential 一致。Limited是个常规词汇,意为有限的,语气为负面的,那么作为并列delicate也应该是负面的语气,用来修饰生态平衡,那么答案为A,脆弱的生态平衡。
TPO2-2
16. Although limited to askull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.
The word precious in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Exact B. Scarce C. Valuable D. Initial
解析:precious所在的句子的主句与其从句因为although呈现出转折的逻辑关系,所以precious的语气和词义应该与limited相反。limited为有限的,语气为负面,所以precious的语气应为正面的积极的,答案为C,意为有价值的。
7. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.
The phrase devoid of in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in
解析:devoid所在的主句与从句因为since逻辑关系为因果,被我们划为同义重申。那么从句句意为因为绝大多数的庄稼的培植必须事先移除土地的自然植被,所以主句说一旦庄稼种植失败,就留下了大面积的土地devoid植物的覆盖,当然是没有植物的覆盖了,所以答案为D。当然还可以根据主句内部的and判断出与and后面的句意的逻辑关系为并列,后面说susceptible to wind and the water erosion容易受到风和水的腐蚀,可以判断出前文应该是没有植物的覆盖,答案为D。但是susceptible to这个词汇很多同学都不认识,所以还是前一种方法对于此题更可行。
句与句之间:
DELTA EXERCISE
Cool has with stood the fleeting nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun,and as a verb,cool has been around along time.
The word “fleeting”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Temporary B. Youthful C. Emotional D. Popular
解析:fleeting这句和后一句的逻辑关系为同义重申,因为后一句开头没有转折。后一句讲到cool已经存在很长的时间了,所以讲的是时间的范畴,那么选项应该也是时间的。A和B都有点和时间有关联。但是因为第一句有with stood词义为禁得住,第一句的句意为绝大多数俚语有着一个特质即为fleeting,而cool却经受住了这样的考验。加上后句讲存在了很长的时间,结合起来也就是说cool经受住了俚语随时间快速消逝的考验,所以答案为A,短暂的。简而言之,别的俚语都很快就消逝了,而cool却流传下来。
TPO3-3
38. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St Helens, in the north-western United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
The word pales in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Increases proportionally B.Differs
C. Loses significance D. Is common
解析:pales所在的句子一开头并没有转折词汇出现,所以与前一句的逻辑关系为同义重申,因此重点在于读懂前一句的句意。前一句为:生态学家特别想知道是哪些因素导致了群落的复苏,因为全世界的顶级群落都正在被人类的活动所严重破坏。请宝宝们注意严重这个词。pales所在的句子紧接着就举例了,结果举了个大自然活动的破坏的例子,并把大自然活动的破坏和人类互动的破坏放在一起比较,根据同义重申的逻辑关系,应该是人类活动的破坏性很严重,那么正话反说,大自然活动的破坏性就没有人类活动的破坏性强。所以答案为C,没那么严重。












