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篇1:外国文学期末考试复习资料
一、名词解释:
1、含泪的笑:是果戈里的描写小人物的作品的一种方法,他是以含泪的笑来写小人物的悲哀的。这种含泪的笑,有幽默也有讽刺,既有同情不平,也有鞭笞。这是一种“被深沉的悲哀和忧郁的感情所压倒的谐趣。”果戈里在深刻揭露贵族地主庸俗、卑劣和堕落的同时,又向这些寄生虫表现同情和哀婉。在揭示小人物可笑又可悲的命运时,既有调侃,又给与深切的同情。这种谐趣时而以发笑,最终催人泪下,这正是果戈里创作的独特艺术魅力。果戈里的含泪的笑在杀尼古拉统治的黑暗年代,是鞭笞专制农奴制的一种特殊方式,它使果戈里的作品产生了巨大的社会效果。
2、冰山原则:1932年,海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中,提出著名的“冰山原则”。他以“冰山”为喻,认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分,水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。他说:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”文学作品中,文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”。海明威常用象征把抽象变为具象,在让读者从具体物象出发,去揭发经验想象和情感。从而挖掘其中的意蕴,其四大要素为:简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感、深刻的思想。
3、人物再现:是巴尔扎克在他的《人间喜剧》中使用的一种连接各部作品的方法。人物再现法有以下几个方面:A、同意人物在不同作品中反复出现;B、通过人物的叙述、隐喻类别将散见于其他小说中的人物和世界加以罗列交持;C、把多部作品中曾出现的人物放在某部小说中描写。巴尔扎克常用人物在线的方法,使以前作品中人物在以后作品中再次出现,从而把人间喜剧中的许多情节贯穿起来,在展现人物在不同阶级的思想性格发展。也表现了人物生活的全过程,以及时代变迁。
4、湖畔派诗人:是19世纪初英国第一代浪漫主义主要文学流派,是当时欧洲成就最高、影响最大的文学流派。这一派作家,大多在英国昆布兰湖区居住过,因此,后人把他们统称为湖畔派诗人。他们大多经历过从拥护法国大革命到对大革命失望甚至反对的过程。又因对资本主义的工业文明,以及人与人之间冷酷的金钱关系极度反感。在隐居湖畔期间或前后,创作了大量歌颂自然美景、同情善良和不幸人的遭遇的诗篇。其代表作家有:华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。
5、硬汉性格:19世纪30年代以后,海明威作品中那些被战争摧残的主人公,发展成为一种硬汉性格的形象。这些人多数是拳击家、斗牛士、猎狮者、捕鱼者,他们在外界巨大的压力和厄运打击时,仍然坚强不屈,勇往直前,甚至视死如归,他们尽管失败了,却保持了人的尊严和勇气,有着胜利者的风度。作者50年代所写的中篇小说《老人与海》中,老渔夫桑提亚哥的硬汉性格升华到哲理寓意的高度,达到了硬汉子形象的顶峰。
6、追溯法:是指易卜生用来结构剧情的一种方法。是指在戏剧开场之前,矛盾就已发展了一个相当长的时间,在戏剧一开场就已经有了渐入的矛盾冲突。而引起矛盾的原因,则要通过戏剧中人物追溯回忆,才能展现在观众面前。使用这种方法,能造成强烈的悬念,蕴含深刻的意义很赖人寻味。
二、简述题:
1、雨果美丑对照原则?
答:A、雨果认为现实本身并不象古典主义者描绘的那样庄严和光彩,相反宇宙万物的美与丑往往处于一种复合的状态中,即“丑就在美的旁边,畸形靠近着优美,丑怪常在崇高的背后,美与恶并存,光明与黑暗相共。”他认为美丑是相生相共,存在于同一事物之中的,其本身就是对照。
B、他认为美丑对照是自然的产物,喜剧在真实反映生活的同时就应该做到崇高优美与滑稽丑陋的非常自然的结合。认为“滑稽丑怪是戏剧的一种最崇高的美,它不仅是戏
剧中相宜的成分,而且每每是一种必须的要素。”
C、雨果第一个认为浪漫注意创作方法的主要标志是美丑对照原则,提倡要造成一种兼有高乃伊似的悲剧和莫里哀似的喜剧的莎士比亚式的浪漫剧。他所强调的这一美丑对照原则,特别注重作家在艺术创作过程中的想象功能,他惯用理想化手法,极度夸张艺术中的美与丑,从而造成人物形象本身的尖锐对照。
D、最能体现美丑对照原则的是《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》。
2、安徒生童话的特点?
答:A、描写贫苦人民苦难生活和悲惨命运,对苦难者和被压迫者寄予了深切的同情。如《卖火柴的小女孩》、《他是一个废物》、《柳树下的梦》等。
B、作家发现并赞扬贫苦人民正直善良的品德和他们奋发图强改变自己命运的努力,或战胜恶势力的斗争智慧这样一类。如《丑小鸭》、《野天鹅》等。
C、揭露社会矛盾,描写统治阶级的昏庸、虚伪、怠惰、邪恶的作品。如《皇帝的新装》、《夜莺》、《园丁与主人》等。
3、《双城记》的艺术特点?
答:A、情节错综复杂而结构完整紧密。人物事件发生在两个国家,时间爱你跨度前后达30多年,但作者通过巧妙的构思,以戴尔那的命运为中心把诸多人物事件安排在完整,严谨的结构之中。体现了情节的丰富性和结构完整性的高度同一。
B、生动性和严肃性的统一,是该小说又一艺术特点。《双城记》有很强的故事性、戏剧性,情节波澜起伏,紧张生动。但同时全书的格调严肃深沉,甚至时时流露出低沉、压抑的情调。
C、语言的精炼和雄劲相结合,小说的粗线条勾勒和描写细绘并举,短剧和长句交叠。在描绘群众斗争场景时,显得气势雄伟,深厚有力,并反复地采用短剧,造成铿锵有力的章节。而描写人物的心理时,长采用细腻的笔触和凝练整齐的长句,显得委婉而深刻。
4、勃朗特三姐妹有何代表作,三姐妹作家的出现有何意义?
答:A、夏洛蒂・勃朗特《简・爱》;艾米莉・勃朗特《呼啸山庄》;安妮・勃朗特
B、意义:丰富和发展了19世纪英国现实主义文学,塑造了新的人物形象;在艰苦环境中登上文坛,这一事实本身就具有巨大的启迪作用,她们以自身百折不挠的努力,战胜社会偏见和种种阻碍。取得了辉煌成就,为妇女向社会争取平等权利谱写了震撼人心的凯歌。
5、什么是多余人?
答:是19世纪俄国文学中优秀的贵族知识分子形象。他们受进步思想影响,不满现实,不愿与黑暗现实同流合污,又不愿和统治者站在一起为反对沙皇专制制度和农奴制而斗争。但他们也瞧不起人民,不能与人民结合,他们长于语言短于行动。无所作为,在愤世嫉俗、自暴自弃中浪费自己的青春和才华。他们没有明确的理想和奋斗目标,对上层统治社会感到厌倦,心情苦闷,对人生的态度也很冷漠,得了时代的忧郁病。因此,成为既不靠拢贵族又不走向人民的社会的多余人。普希金的长篇诗体小说《叶甫盖尼・奥涅金》中的奥涅金是俄国文学史上每一个“多余人”形象。
6、《巴黎圣母院》的艺术特点?
答:A、赋予浪漫主义色彩,该小说情节紧张、曲折,具有很强的戏剧性,充满了现实生活所不可能有的巧合、夸张和怪诞。如加西莫多一人在圣母院抵挡多人的进攻,加西莫多与梅拉达尸骨连在一起,都是想象奇特的产物,表现出浓郁的浪漫主义气息。
B、美丑对照原则的运用是该小说的又一大特点,作者把加西莫多的丑和宫廷卫队的美加以对比。前者外貌丑陋不堪,后者却潇洒英俊,但在灵魂深处,加西莫多对爱情的忠
贞不渝,而卫队长恰好相反。作者把副主教浮罗洛与加西莫多加以比较,显现出浮罗洛在道貌岸然下的狠毒,打破了传统的表现手法。
三、论述题:
1、试分析托尔斯泰《安娜・卡列尼娜》中安娜的形象?
答:是一个贵族妇女,是一个在贵族阶级的道德压抑下,激励争取个性解放和爱情权利的悲剧性人物。她的一生是不幸的,当他还是少女时就由家庭做主,把她嫁给了比她大20岁的彼得堡大官卡列宁,他们之间缺乏真正的爱情,他们结合只是为了维系封建贵族关系而已。她得不到真正的爱情和生活的乐趣,他的内心深处感到一种长期压抑的痛苦,与沃伦斯基的相遇。唤醒了安娜潜在的爱情,她越来越认识到过去生活的空虚和虚伪。进而认识到整个上流社会的虚伪,她不愿过体面外表掩盖下的虚伪的生活。她以全部力量来保卫自己的生活和爱情的权力。她和丈夫决裂了,并对上流社会的生活方式和传统道德观念提出了挑战。安娜的行为遭到上流社会的非难和攻击,而实际上当时整个社会的轻佻妇女甚至比他坏上一千倍,但由于他们安于虚伪而视为合乎常规。他们可以在体面外表下干出一切“荒淫无耻”的勾当,却不能原谅安娜真挚的爱情。
安娜在与上流社会展开了力量悬殊斗争中,处境越来越困难,人情越来越痛苦,她剩下了唯一希望就是以全部身人来维系,她与沃伦斯基的爱情。但由于安娜在重重压力下,所产生的疑虑和焦燥。也由于沃伦斯基对上流社会的留念,他们之间的关系出现了裂痕。最后在上流社会重压下,在卡列宁的逼迫下,在沃伦斯基逐渐变冷的态度刺激下,安娜决定以死向一整个社会抗议。临死之前,安娜对贵族社会作了判决:“这里全是虚伪,全是荒淫,全是欺骗,全是罪恶。”因此,可以说,安娜既是封建贵族道德的牺牲品,又是批判贵族阶级的腐朽和虚伪。同时热烈追求真挚爱情和诚实精神的典型。
2、试分析巴尔扎克《高老头》形象?
答:是一个具有浓厚封建宗法观念的商业资产者形象。就经济状况来说,他是资产阶级暴发富,就道德观念说他还保有浓厚的封建宗法社会家族观念,他爱钱但更爱女儿,为了女儿,他可以耗尽自己所有的钱财。可是这种宗法制观念在两个女儿身上就完全没有了,他们爱的只是金钱......因此,高老头的悲剧是宗教宗法制的观念被资产阶级金钱至上的道德原则战胜的悲剧。是封建宗法制社会过度到资本主义社会的新旧交替时期出现的悲剧。高老头的观念在资本主义社会过时了,他不得不退出历史舞台,“最后像鬼一样死去。”
作者对高老头是充满同情的,但并没有全面赞扬他的品德,只是赞颂他的父爱。作者对高老头的父爱的描绘中,巴尔扎克把封建道德理想化、抽象化、作为一种普遍的人性加以赞颂。同时也宣传改良主义的政治主张。巴尔扎克否定资产阶级的道德观念,即希望于封建伦理道德,对资本主义金钱关系,破坏封建家庭关系作了愤怒抗议。
作为现实作家,巴尔扎克也分明看到了自己的保守的宗法制家庭观念是行不通的,所以高老头就是一个悲剧的结局。
[外国文学期末考试复习资料]

篇2:外国文学参考
戴维 洛奇 小说的艺术 北京:作家出版社,
高奋 西方现代主义文学源与流 宁波:宁波出版社,
侯维瑞 现代英国小说史 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1986
胡经之,王岳川主编 文艺学美学法论 北京:北京出版社,1994
黄晋凯主编 荒诞派戏剧 北京:中国人民大学出版社,
霍夫曼 佛洛伊德主义与文学思想 王宁译 北京:三联书店,1987
拉曼 塞尔顿编 文学批评理论 刘象愚,陈永国等译 北京:北京大学出版社,2000
霍纳 韦勒克近代文学批评史(第4卷)上海:上海译文出版社,
李维屏 英美现代主义文学概观 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998
柳鸣九编选 新小说派研究 北京中国社会科学出版社,1986
吕同六主编 20世纪世界小说理论经典 北京:华夏出版社,1995
罗伯特 斯皮勒 美国文学的周期――历史评论专集 王长荣译 上海:上海外语出版社,1990
罗德 霍顿 美国文学思想背景 房炜等译 北京人民出版社,1991
梅 佛里德曼 意识流,文学手法研究 上海:华东师范大学出版社,1992
米兰 昆德拉 小说的艺术 孟湄译 北京:三联书店,1995
史志康主编 美国文学背景概观上海:上海:上海外语出版社,1998
徐葆耕 西方文学 心灵历史 北京清华大学出版社,1990 殷企平小说艺术管窥 天津:百花文艺出版社,1995
[外国文学参考]
篇3:语文上学期期末考试复习资料
一、积累运用 (27分)
1..胸有诗书气自宏,一笔好字闯天下。规范、端正、整洁地书写汉字是有效进行书面交流的基本保证,你能做到这一点吗?请你根据拼音在田字格内写出汉字。(4分)
酝niàng xiá窄 遗hàn jí取 抖sǒu màn不经心 hài人听闻近在zhǐ尺
2.掌握汉语拼音能够帮助我们识字、阅读、学习普通话、进行电脑录入。下面都是一些常用词,请你给其中加点的字注音,写在横线上。(3分)
骸( )骨 虐( )杀 缥 缈( )
孪( )生 泯( )灭 苦心孤诣( )
按课文默写。(9分,每空1分)
3.《钱塘湖春行》中借助动物来表现春天生机盎然的诗句是 , 。
4. 辛弃疾的《西江月》中以动衬静,使用对偶方法,描写乡村夏夜恬静之美的句子是 , 。
5. 《 观 书 有 感 》中 蕴 含 哲 理 的 一 句 是 , 。
6.《论语》十则中强调不要不懂装懂的句子是: , , 。
7、“读万卷书、行千里路,”亲爱的同学, 我们即将迎来一个寒假,这是课外读书的在好时机.下面是一张好书推荐卡,请你从下面的篇目中向大家一本值得一读的好书.(4分)
书目:《繁星・春水》 《西游记》 《伊索寓言》
好书推荐卡
作品 作者
我印象最深的一个故事
(情节或一首诗歌)
我推荐的理由
8. 请你利用中小学生都很熟悉的一首古诗,使上下联完整。(1分)
某餐馆门口贴着一副对联:___________________________ ,弃之可惜
杯 里 酒 口 口 都 香 甜,量力而行
9、仿照下面两个例句,用恰当的词语完成两个句子,要求前后语意关联。
例句:⑴钱可以买到宽敞的房屋,但不一定能买到家庭的温馨。(2分)
⑵钱可以买到书本,但不一定能买到智慧。
⑴钱可以买到 ,但不一定能买到 。
⑵钱可以买到 ,但不一定能买到 。
10、某宾馆客房床上摆了一件叠得整整齐齐的浴衣,浴衣上有一张小纸条。尊敬的客人: 这件衣服是供您洗浴后穿的。如果您想带一件回去留作纪念,请到二楼商场购买,价格为90元,谢谢!
问题:这张小条提供了哪些信息?它告诉客人最主要的意思是什么?(2分)
答:
11.自主探究,是学习语文的好方法。读下面文段,写出探究结果。(2分)
曾有一个有趣的实验,升物学家把鲮鱼和鲦鱼放进同一个玻璃器皿中,然后用玻璃板把它们隔开。开始时,鲮鱼兴奋地朝鲦鱼进攻,渴望能吃到自己最喜欢的美味,可每一次它都“咣”地一声撞在了玻璃上,不仅没有捕到鲦鱼,反而把自己撞得晕头转向。碰了十几次壁后,鲮鱼沮丧了。当生物学家轻轻将玻璃板抽去之后,鲮鱼对近在眼前唾手可得的鲦鱼却视若无睹了。即是那肥美的鲦鱼一次次地擦着它的唇鳃不慌不忙地游过,即使鲦鱼的尾巴一次
[语文上学期期末考试精品复习资料]
篇4:研究生英语期末考试复习资料
词汇
第一单元
1.stunning 令人振奋的 2.giggle 傻笑 3.paradox 悖论
4.inarticulate 口齿不清 5.bestow 授予 7.quip 嘲弄
8.execrable 恶劣的 9.adroit 敏感的 10.poise平衡 11.etiquette 礼节 12.comport 行为 13.well off 富足
15.get possession of 取得所有权 16.put one’s mind to sth全神贯注 17.come up with提出 19.on the right track 在正轨上
21.fall flat失败(指没达到效果)
第二单元
1.edition 版本
2.perspicacious 聪明,理解力强 3.nicety 理解 规矩
5.Betoken代表 象征 6.raw 纯天然的
7.callow 年轻无经验的 8.ritualistic习惯的 9.sacrificial 牺牲
10.proclivity 喜好 天性 11.penetrate 穿透 渗透 13.prone 倾向于 14.pamper宠溺
15.cynic 愤世嫉俗的人
16.one-up 高人一等 胜人一筹 17.reciprocity 互惠互利 18.altruism 利他主义
19.at face value 表面上看来 21.measure up
第五单元
1.fallacy 错误的观点 2.totter 摇摆地走 4.scepticism 怀疑
5.indubitable 毋庸置疑的 6.Exterminate 灭绝的
7.sober (没喝酒的)清醒 8.haunt 萦绕
9.fatalistically 必然发生的 10.ascertain 确定 12.discord 不和谐(n) 13.Interlude 插曲 14.mundane平淡的 15.preclude 阻止 16.elude 逃跑
17.allegiance 效忠 忠诚
19.concentrated 集中的 浓缩的 21.dogmatic 武断的 教条的
第六单元
1.languish 衰退 3.garner 获得 4.rue 后悔 5.glum 阴沉的
6.spawn (n:幼子)(v:引起) 7.niche 天地(合适的职业) 8.feign 假装
9.shuddered 发抖 震动 11.banal 非常平淡的 12.aggrandize 扩充 13.punitive 惩罚 14.infuriate 暴怒 15.bashful 害羞的 16.Interject插嘴
17.flat-out平平展展 无保留的 18.poke fun at嘲弄 嘲笑 19.carved out 开凿 23.numbing 麻木的
第七单元
misty-eyed 含泪的 伤感的 quip 嘲弄
snob 自大 势利小人 arbiter 仲裁者
enticement 诱惑,引诱n. sprint 短跑
absolve 免除 赦免
ferocious 凶猛的 激烈的 besmirch 损害 诽谤
iconoclastic打破传统观念的 anecdote 奇闻,轶事 nonetheless 尽管如此 shenanigan 恶作剧,诡计 fortify 增加,加固,加强vt. swig 大喝大饮 ominous 不详的 stimulant 兴奋剂 Pentathlon 五项全能 take bribes 受贿 viciously 恶意滴
Susceptible 易受...影响 conjecture 猜想 推测 n. vi.
impersonator 演员 模仿艺人的人 bleak 阴冷的 荒凉的
skulduggery 作假 欺诈 n.
frailty 脆弱 虚弱(身体意志上) roll around 循环往复 反复出现
by fair means or foul 以公正或不公正的方法
take a dive 故意输掉比赛 fork over 不情愿地交出
under one’s own steam 孤立无援 disqualify 取消...的资格 fall off 减少下降 subscribe 赞成 vt show me up 丢脸 approaches vi.靠近pay off 付清,贿赂 cramp vt. 束缚 限制
第八单元
complaisance 讨好,殷勤 banish 驱逐
egotism 利己主义,z自负 impertinent 无礼的 infallible 绝对无误的 insipid 枯燥乏味的
preamble 前言 序言 先兆 relator 叙述者 incense 使发怒
gallantry 殷勤 勇敢n. deform 使...变形
counterbalance vt.使平衡,抵消 studied 故意的
abject 凄惨的,卑下的 abhor 厌恶 vt. antipathy 反感 n.
genteel 文雅的(装的)有教养的 aversion 厌恶 n. arcanum 秘密 adieu 告别
depend upon it 毫无疑问
do justice to sb 公平对待sb,使sb的价值充分发挥
Make amends(to sb)for(sth)补偿,赔偿....损失。
deservedly 理所应当地,应得地 throw out 否决 misplaced 错位的 grudge怀恨妒忌
英译汉 第七单元
1.Every four years, when the Olympics roll around again, journalists seem automatically to recycle those misty-eyed notions about “Good Old Days”.(每逢四年一度的奥运盛会,记者们似乎总会自然而然地把“过去的好时光”那些模糊的概念重新炒作一番。)
2.In fact, the mythology of a perfect Olympic is the modern invention of snobs and self-styled purists, perpetuated by sports writers---and television commentators at a loss to fill air time.(para.2 lines8-11)(事实上,曾有过完美的奥运会的神话只是现代的势利小人和一群自封的纯粹主义者的杜撰,通过体育文章撰稿人和转播期间设法填补空白时间的电视评论员流传下来。)
3.But these arbiters were often susceptible to financial enticements--- and treats.(para.5 lines27-29)(这些比赛的主宰者往往经不起金钱以及盛宴的诱惑)
4.Just before President Teddy Roosevelt’s daughter was to give him his medal, it was discovered that Lorz had not, after all, gone the entire distance under his own steam.(para.14 lines 101-103)(正当特迪・罗斯福总统的女儿给他颁奖之际,洛兹被发现没有独立跑完全程。)
5.Having cramped up at about nine miles, he accepted a ride from a passing car. (para.14 lines 104-105)(他在9英里处腿部抽筋,便搭乘了辆路过的汽车。)
6.Perhaps most amazing of all, if it were later proved that, say, a boxer or a wrestler had dishonestly won through bribery ― he still didn’t lose his title.
也许最令人感到震惊的是即使事后证实某位拳击手或摔跤手通过贿赂的手段不光彩地赢得了比赛?他们也不会因此而失去冠军头衔。
And even if an honest judge was stationed at the turning post that the runners had to circle, he still had great difficulty in determining whose elbow was smashing into whose ribs, because the athletes didn’t wear numbers.
而且即便在运动员必经的拐弯处安置一位人品正直的裁判,他也很难分辨是谁用肘部击打了谁的肋部,因为参赛选手没有编号,也不穿统一的比赛服装。
8.According to a recent book by Professor David Young of the University of California at Santa Barbara, the winner of the sprint could, in fact, expect to earn the ancient equivalent of several hundred thousand dollars! 位于圣塔・巴巴拉市的加州大学的戴维・扬教授在其新著中称,短跑冠军实际上有望获得相当于几十万美元的奖金!
9.Promoters of minor track meets ― which were often held to advertise local products (!) ― would fork over plenty to have the hottest runners of the day merely show up. What’s more, the athletes were generally absolved by their home town from paying taxes and were given free meals for life.
当时,一些小型比赛的发起者?通常是为了给当地的产品做广告(!)?确实会向当红短跑明星支付大笔的酬金,请他们到场露露脸。此外,运动员的家乡通常给予他们免税的待遇,并终生免费提供一日三餐。
10.I am not afraid to name names. The greatest sprinter in antiquity was a certain Astylos, who hailed from Crotona, a tiny Greek village in Italy.我可以指出一些具体的名字。古代最优秀的短跑选手是来自位于意大利境内的希腊小村克洛托纳的一个叫阿斯特洛斯的小伙子。
11. Afterwards, Astylos was approached by some boys from Syracuse, then a rich and growing city in Sicily, who made him an offer he couldn’t refuse. They suggested that he change citizenship so he could run for their city’s team in the next Olympics.不久,位于西西里的一个新兴城市西拉库斯派人与他接洽,劝说他改变国籍代表西拉库斯参加下一届奥运会。他们提出的优厚待遇使阿斯特洛斯难以拒绝。
12. Lest I besmirch the name of a great athlete, let me hasten to say that I do not imply that Astylos really cheated. He simply accepted a lot of cash to move to a bigger base of operations. It
happens all the time today with corporate executives. 请允许我赶紧声明我并不是说阿斯特洛斯欺骗了世人,以免有辱一代名将的一世英名。他只是接受了一笔钱,投靠了一个实力更强大的城市。这种情况在现代社会的公司管理人员中是司空见惯的。
13.It almost goes without saying that the Greeks overwhelmed their countryman Spiridon Loues, the winner of the marathon, with numerous tangible rewards. (Some accounts say female spectators threw their jewels down to him on the track.) 当希腊选手斯普里敦・洛伊斯获得马拉松比赛的.冠军时,希腊人给予他们的同胞大量物质奖励。(有人描述当时有些女观众甚至向场内的英雄抛掷珠宝首饰。)
14.But let us quickly say he won fair and square. And yet when he crossed the finish line, he was a little “high” on more than joy ― having fortified himself along the road with swigs of sugared wine.我们必须赶紧声明洛伊斯还是光明正大地赢得了比赛。尽管在冲过终点线时,他显得与其说是兴奋还不如说有点“醉醺醺”的?因为他在途中大量饮用掺了糖的葡萄酒以保持体 15. Since then, doctors have been hard at work trying to invent substances that would improve performance while escaping detection. This medical research may have helped performances but it has often harmed athletes. 自那时起,医学人员就开始致力于研制开发有助于提高比赛成绩同时又能不被察觉的药物。这项医学研究也许能提高运动员的成绩,但通常会对他们的身体造成伤害。
16. Upon investigation, the judges discovered that Boris had been a rather naughty boy, having rewired his sword to light at any moment he would deem appropriate.经过调查,裁判发现狡猾的伯利斯重新设计了其佩剑中的电路,因而灯何时会亮完全操纵在他本人手中。
17.There is no need to conjecture about Dora Ratjen, the German athlete who just missed a gold medal in the women’s high jump in the notorious Olympics of 1936.然而,德国运动员朵拉・拉特金的性别是不容置疑的。在臭名昭著的1936年奥运会上错失了女子跳高金牌后,“她”随后在这个项目中屡屡改写世界纪录。
18.Very few of us, I think, would subscribe to the view of a European coach, who was recently quoted as saying: “As long as you are still alive for the victory ceremony, you should get your reward. There is no room for ethics in sports anymore.”我想,很少有人会赞同一位欧洲教练近来发表的观点,“只要你还活着为胜利而庆贺,就应该得到报酬。体育比赛中没有伦理道德的位置。”
19.This is cynical in the extreme. I firmly believe that the majority of spectators today watch the Olympics to see “pure” excellence.这只是一种极端的愤世嫉俗的态度。我坚信当今绝大多数的观众观看奥运比赛是为了看到一种“纯洁”的胜利
第八单元
1.If you are pleased with the complaisance and attention of others to your honours, your tastes, or your weaknesses, depend upon it, the same complaisance and attention on your part to theirs will equally please them.(如果别人对你的情绪、品味或弱点所给予的恭维和关注令你高兴,那么你对别人给予同样的恭维和关注无疑也会令别人喜悦。)
2.be serious, gay, or even trifiling, as you find the present humor of the company; this is an attention due from every individual to the majority.(无论是严肃、快乐还是懒散,你的情绪要和朋友们同步,这是个人应对多数人表示的一种礼貌。)
3.nor labor, as many people do, to give that turn to the conversation, which may supply you with an opportunity of exhibiting them.(即使谈话为你提供了展示这些优点的机会,你也不要像许多人那样,拼命地把它们转移到话题中去。) 4.The particular characters, the habits, the cant of one company may give merit to a word, or a gesture, which would have none at all if divested of those accidental circumstances.(某个圈子中的人物、习惯和惯用语可能会看重某个词、某个手势,但离开了特定的场合,它们就可能变得毫无价值。)
5.Here people very commonly err; and fond of something that has entertained them in one company, and in certain circumstances, repeat it with emphasis in another, where it is either insipid, or it may be offensive, by being ill-timed or misplaced.(在这方面人们经常会犯错误:他们喜欢在某个圈子里令他们愉快的某样事情,而在另一个圈子里特别强调地重复它。然而由于时间或地点不宜,在不同的圈子里,它要么是枯燥乏味的,要么可能是无礼唐突的。)
6.Those, therefore, who flattered skillfully, said little to him of his abilities in state affairs, or at least but en passant, and as it might naturally occur. But the incense which they gave him, the smoke of which they knew would turn his head in their favor, was as a bel esprit and a poet.(于是,那些善于献媚的人几乎不提他的治国才能,即使说也只是一笔带过,仿佛自然顺带提到而已。只有恭维他为才子和诗人才会令其飘飘然并垂青于献媚者。)
6.his prevailing weakness was, to be thought to have a polite and happy turn to gallantry ― of which he had undoubtedly less than any man living.(他的主要弱点是希望被人认为具有骑士(绅士)般彬彬有礼的快乐天性,而他无疑比任何人都欠缺这种品质。)
7.If they are both bad, she comforts herself that she has graces, a certain manner, a je ne sais quoi still more more engaging than beauty.(万一这两者都很糟糕,她就会安慰自己: 她具有比美貌更迷人的风度、举止和某种难以形容的品质。 )
8.But there is no living in the world without a complaisant indulgence for people’s weaknesses, and innocent, though ridiculous vanities.(但凡生活在这个世界上,就不能不宽纵别人荒谬却无害的缺点和虚荣。)
9.If a man has a mind to be thought wiser and a woman handsomer, than they really are, their error is a comfortable one to themselves, and an innocent one with regard to other people, and I would rather make them my friends by indulging them in it, than my enemies by endeavoring (and that to no purpose) to undeceive them.(如果一个男人希望被认为比其实际更聪明,一个女人希望被认为比其实际更漂亮,他们的这种错误令他们自己觉得舒服而又对别人无害。我宁愿纵容他们、与之为友,也不愿竭力去(无缘无故地)揭人之短而为自己树敌。) 10.There are little attentions, likewise, which are infinitely engaging, and which sensibly affect that degree of pride and self-love, which is inseparable from human nature, as they are unquestionable proofs of the regard and consideration which we have for the persons to whom we pay them.(于细微处见关怀,同样也是极其动人的,因为它毫无疑问证明了我们对被关怀者是关心和体谅的,这种关怀明显会影响一个人自尊、自恋的程度,这也是人之常情。)
11.Such attention to such trifles flatters self-love much more than greater thing, as it makes people think themselves almost the only objects of your thoughts and care.(对此类细节的如此关注较之大处更能取悦自恋者,因为这令他们觉得自己几乎是你考虑和关心的唯一对象。)13.and shall not grudge it if you reap the advantage.( 你若能从中获益,我将不胜宽慰。)
汉议英 第七单元
1.吸引大量观众的体育运动为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。(Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength.)
2.它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。(The levels of skill (that are)displayed fascinate people. )
3.男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动,是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。(Men identify more directly than women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of games. ) 4.这种运动对男性来说,在心理上还有另外一种吸引力:因为他们是男人,有可能被召唤到赛场上,被要求打比赛或当教练,去贡献自己的一技之长。(For men there is an additional attraction in their minds because since they are male they could be called on to the field, asked to contribute their playing or coaching skills. )
5.因此观看这类比赛给他们的遐想(daydreams)提供了素材。(Viewing sports thus provides the raw material for dreams.) 6.而女性在观看比赛中也从他人身上间接地获得了渴望取胜的满足感,而且有更多的女性正积极地投身到竞技体育中去。(Nevertheless, women too feel vicarious(想象别人的苦乐而产生同感/共鸣的)satisfaction from a desire to win than ever and more women are becoming active in competitive sports. ) 7.到20世纪70年代初,体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣,在电视联播中得到了进一步加强,并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚地商业活动。(By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed professional sports into lucrative business enterprises. ) 8.结果,一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来,与现有的体育组织展开竞争,并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。(As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up/mushroomed to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. )
9.随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动,越来越多地运动员寻找他们的经纪人,代表他们参加工资谈判。现在,职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。(As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly turned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now professional sports have entered a new era.)
第八单元
1.我心里有一些东西,一直渴望着说出来教育年轻人;因为正是在一个人早年尚未成熟的时候,这些东西最能生根、最能持久,也最珍贵。(I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed to say for the instruction of the young; for it is in one’s tender early years that such things will best take root and be most enduring and most valuable. ) 2.当父母在场时要始终服从他们。从长远的观点来看,这是最好的策略。因为即使你不服从他们,他们也会使你服从。(Always obey your parents when they are present. This is best policy in the long run, because if you don’t they will make you. )
3.大部分父母认为他们知道的比你多。你接受这一点,通常比你根据自己判断行事,会获得更大的收益。(Most parents think they know better than you do, and you can generally benefit more by accepting that idea than you can by acting on your own judgment.)
4.要尊重你的上司,也要尊重你的朋友、熟人和身边的人。(Be respectful to your superiors, also to friends, acquaintances and people around you. ) 5.如果一个人冒犯了你,你又不能确定他是有意还是无意,不要采取极端的做法;只要等待时机予以回击就行了。(If a person offends you, and you are in doubt as to whether it was intentional or not, do not resort to extreme measures; simply watch your chance and hit him back later. That will be sufficient.)
6.如果你能肯定他并非有意冒犯,就应该坦率说出来,承认自己攻击他是错误的,像一个男子汉那样承认错误,对他说你不是有意这样做的。(If you shall find that he had not intended any offense, come out frankly and confess yourself in the wrong when you struck him; acknowledge it like a man and say you didn’t mean to.)
7.要始终避免使用暴力,在这个仁爱和友善的时代,依仗暴力的日子已经一去不复返了。(Always avoid violence. In this age of charity and kindliness, the time has gone by for violence.)
听力总结
1.seeing a wild animal 1.goog habitats
1.prevent endangered animals
2.They are the threats to species
2.importance of protecting the animals 2.Their responsibility to protect animals
3.His personal life 3.four times
3.since his childhood 3.a fight scene
3.more interested in cars
4.learned of 4.tend to use 4.one can easily
5.environment problems 5.similar to earth 5.scientists haven’t
6.journalist and interviewee 6.pursuit of beauty 6.a friend of hers
6.energetic and fashionable
7.there are very fashionable 7.on their bodies 7.T-shirt from India
7.large and metallic jewellery 7.choose clothes
8.in the tropical 8.were prosperous 8.hundreds of years
9.in the western Atlantic 9.mystery occurs there 9.more than 100 ships 9.a curious white light
9.the cause for this mystery
10.a lecture there
10.places of interest in the city 10.from England
11.character mickey mouse 11.about 45 percent 11.a media company
12.visit a museum
12.camping companion 12.missed the show 12.she does not like jazz 12.Dancing anymore
13.a chef 13.his neck 13.movies are
13.actress and director 13.the sound of music
14.the first ancient 14.776BC
14.all the participants 14.1896
14.booked a ticket
15.may 1928 15.In Uruguay 15.all the matches 15.2-1 Uruguay 15.a different ball
写作(书信)
English Department Beijing University 111 Xueyuan Road
Beijing 100080 隔一行 November 15, 2007隔一行 Dr. Andreas Rodger
Department of English Literature Boston University
231 Brooklyn Street, NY 10323 USA隔一行
Dear Dr. Rodger:隔一行
The English Department of Beijing University would like to extend to you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the annual Literature Seminars to be held at the meeting room at eight o’clock, Saturday morning, December 21,2009.
As you know, the department is interested in the 20th centu研究生英语期末考试复习资料ry English literature. Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely interesting to us.
You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda. Yours sincerely,隔一行 Samson Zhang
Dr. Andreas Rodger
Department of English Literature Boston University
231 Brooklyn Street, NY 10323 U.S.A.隔行 November 26,2007 隔行 Samson Zhang
English Department Beijing University 111 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100080隔行 Dear Mr. Zhang:隔行
Thank you very much for the invitation to the annual Literature Seminal which will be held at your meeting room at eight o’clock, Saturday morning, December 21,2007.
Unfortunately, I have to give lectures to my students at Boston University from December 1 to January 15 according to the teaching schedule. I am really sorry for being unable to attend the seminar.隔行
I wish the seminar a great success.隔行
Yours sincerely, 隔行 Andreas Rodger
Huang Feihong (P.O. box 226)
Hefei University of Technology
193 Tunxi Road ,Hefei 230009 Anhui Province P. R. China
December 11, 2003
Judy Williams, Admission Adm
Graduate School Admissions Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824隔行 Dear Mr. Berger:隔行
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