“afreeelf”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了14篇学位论文外文参考文献,以下是小编帮大家整理后的学位论文外文参考文献,仅供参考,希望能够帮助到大家。

篇1:学位论文外文参考文献
[1] J.F.Di Marzio.Android A Progammer's Guide.New York Mc-Graw-Hill,:105-111P
[2] Thompson T.The Android Mobile Phone Platform.The World of SoftwareDevelopment,2008,33(9):40-47P
[3] Chris Haseman.Android Essentials.APress THE EXPERT'S VOICE,2008: 52-57P
[4] Jane Liu,Mobile Map: A case study in the Design&Implementation of a mobile application,Department of System and Computer Engineering Carleton University,
[5] Geng, J, Rapid Integer Ambiguity Resolution In GPS Precise Point Positioning. , The University of Nottingham: Nottingham
[6] Roger Tomlinson. Thinking About GIS, Third Edition, Geographic Information System Planning for Managers [M]. Esri Press,380 New York Street, Redlands, California
[7] Frank Ableson,Charlie Collins,Robi Sen.Unlocking Android.Manning Publications,:335-350P
[8] Tomas Katysovas.A first look at Google Android.Free University of Bolzano ,InternetTechnologies,2008. 89-95P
[9] Chris Ziegler.T-Mobile G1 For Dummies.For Dummies,2009: 67-73P
[10] Jerri Ledford , Prasanna Amirthafingam.Web Geek's Guide to the AndroidEnable Phone.Que,2009: 98-103P
[11] Rick Rogers,Jhon Lombardo,Zigurd Mednieks,Blake Meike.Android ApplicationDevelopment.Sebastopo1,2009: 163-175P
[12] John Eddy,Patricia DiGiacomo Eddy.Google on the Go: Using an Android-powered MobilePhone.Que,2009: 227-235P
[13] Shu Xianhua,Du Zhenjun,Chen Rong.Research on Mobile Location Service Design Basedon Android.IEEE Xplore,2009,12(3): 65-68P
[14] Banning, W. (1994), “The manufacturing and retailer conflict”, World Manufacturing Clothier, Vol. 75, pp. 44-5.
[15 ]Burgess, T.F. (1994), “Making the leap to agility: defining and achieving agile manufacturing through business process redesign and business network redesign'', International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 14 No. 11, pp. 23-34.
[16] Christophor, M. . “Agile supply chain: competing in volatile markets”. Industrial Marketing Management. 29, pp. 37-44.
[17] Christopher, M. and Juttner, U. (2000), “Achieving supply chain excellence: the role of relationship management”, International Journal of Logistics, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 5-23.
[18 ]Christopher, M. and Lee, H. (), Supply Chain Confidence – The Key to Effective Supply Chains Through Improved Visibility and Reliability, Global Trade Management, Vastera, Inc., Dulles, VA.
[19] Christopher, M., Lowson, R. and Peck, H. (), “Creating agile supply chains in the fashion industry”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 367-76.
[20]Christphor, M. (2000). “Agile supply chain: competing in volatile markets”. Industrial Marketing Management. 29, pp. 37-44.
[21]Collin, J. and Lorenzin, D. (), “Plan for supply chain agility at Nokia: Lessons from the mobile infrastructure industry”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 36 Issue: 6 pp. 418 – 430
[22]Corbett, C., Blackburn, J. and van Wassenhove, L. (), “Partnerships to improve supply chains”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 71-82.
[23]Cravens, D., Piercy, N. and Shipp, S. (), “New organisational forms for competing in highly dynamic environments: the network paradigm”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 7, pp. 203-18.
[24]Croom, S., Romano, P. and Giannakis, M. (2000), “Supply chain management: an analytical framework for critical literature review”, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, Vol. 6, pp. 67-83.
[25]Danese, P., Romano, P. and Vinelli, A. (2004), “Managing business processes across supply networks: the role of coordination mechanisms”, Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, Vol. 10, pp. 165-77.
[26]Davis, T. (1993), “Effective supply chain management”, Sloan Management Review, Summer, pp. 35-46.
[27]Denzin, N.K. 1978. The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw
[28]De Toni, A. and Nassimben, G. (1995), “Supply networks: genesis, stability and logistics implications – a comparative analysis of two districts”, International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 403-18.
[29]Elmaghraby, W., A. Gulcu, and P. Keskinocak (2002) “Optimal markdown mechanisms in the pres- ence of rational customers with multi–unit demands” Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems
篇2:存货管理论文外文文献
[1]陈军.防范资金风险与资金管理研究[J].财会研究.2009(18)
[2]孙静芹着.集团公司资金集中管理研究[M].中国经济出版社,2004
[3]刘霄仑主译,英国皇家银行学会(CIB)着.现金流量管理[M].中信出版社,2002
[4]宋倪影.信用“5C”分析法的探究[J].会计师.2009(08)
[5]曹中新,孙华生,孟晓霖.基于国际化发展过程中的海外资金风险管理--中海油服建立全面的资金风险控制体系的`实践综述[J].中国石油和化工经济分析.2008(05)
[6]王之君,杨文静.集团资金管理模式研究[J].中央财经大学学报.2006(11)
[7]袁琳.构筑集团企业资金结算与集中控制的新系统-中国石化集团财务公司资金结算与集中控制案例研究[J].会计研究.(02)
[8]王珞.石油工程造价分析应用研究[D].中国石油大学2010
[9]王俐.石油工程项目物资采购招评标研究[D].东北石油大学
篇3:毕业论文外文文献格式
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理,不可以为了凑数随便引用。毕业论文外文文献的格式是什么?
毕业论文外文文献格式
格式要求
一、翻译的外文文献一般为1~2篇,外文字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为题目采用小三号黑体字居中打印,正文采用宋体小四号字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,附件1为一篇外文翻译的封面格式,附件二为两篇外文翻译的封面格式),若有两篇外文文献,请按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的顺序统一装订。
标题(20字以内,可用副标题补充说明,4号黑体加粗。居中)
(5号 空一行)
外文作者署名(Times New Roman5号,居中)
(5号 空一行)
(外文翻译成中文的内容)(5号宋体)
(5号 空一行)
外文着录
(填写此项内容)(5号宋体)
按照: 着录/ 题名/ 出版事项顺序排列注明
期刊--着者,题名,期刊名称,出版年,卷号(期号),起始页码。
书籍--着者,书名,版次(第一版不标注),出版地,出版者,出版年,起始页码。
说明:译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件,复印件用与论文稿纸相同大小的白纸(A4纸张)复印
参考文献范例:
[1] FREDERICK S,RICHARD B,ERIC M, Full body interface pressure testing as a method for performance evaluation of clinical support surfaces [Jj. Applied Ergonomics, ,29(6): 491-497.
[2]Roy J E, Dick F S, Eus J W.Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: Changes with age and insomnia [J]. Physiology Behavior, , 90(2-3): 257~266.
[3]Hyunja L, Sejin P. Quantitative effects of mattress types (comfortable vs. uncomfortable) on sleep quality through poly-somnography and skin temperature[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,, 36(11): 943一949.
[4]Miguel L T, Rosa P J. Objective firmness, average pressure and subjective perception in mattresses for the elderly [ J].Applied Ergonomics, , 39(1):123-130.
[5]Ling L T,Hau M L.Effects of bedding systems selected by manual muscle testing on sleep-related respiratory disturbances [J] .Applied Ergonomics, 2008,39(2):261-270.
[6]Haex B. Back and bed: Ergonomic Aspects of Sleeping CRC Press, Boca Raton,FL, .
[7]Hildebrandt V H, Back pain in the working population: prevalence rates in Dutch trades and professions [J]. Ergonomics, 1995, 38.
[8]Lee H, Park S. Quantitative effects of mattress type on sleep quality through polysomnography and skin temperature [J]. Industrial Ergonomics, 2006, 36:934-949.
[9]Jacobson B H,Wallace T J, Smith D B, et al. Grouped comparisons of sleep quality for new and personal bedding systems [J]. Applied Ergonomics, 2007,39.
[10]Bader.GQ Engdal S. The influence of bed firmness on sleep quality [J]. Applied Ergonomics, ,31.
[11]BUCKXEP, FERN ANDES A. Mattress evaluation-assessment of a cont act pres sure,comfort and discomfort [J]. Applied Ergonomics, 1998,29(1)。
[12]DE VOCHTAJW, WILDERB D Q BANDST RABER. Biomechanical evaluation of our different mattresses [J]. Applied Ergonomics,2006,37(3)。
[13]Allyson Tenney.Technical Rationale for the Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets and Responses to Related Public Comments[J].Engineering Sciences,2006(6)。
[14]Alihankaa J,Vaahtorantaa K. A static charge sensitive bed:A new method for recording body movements during sleep Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1979,46 (6)。
[15]Slater K. Human comfort[M], Spring.eld. IL,1985.
[16]Leea H, Park S- Quantitative effects of mattress types(comfortable vs uncomfortable)on sleep quality through polysomnography and skin temperature[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2006,36(11)。
[17] CPSC 16 CFR Part 1633,Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets; Final Rule. Consumer Product Safety Commission[S]. March 15,2006.
[18] Memorandum from Allyson Tenney, ES,to Margaret Neily, Engineering Sciences. Technical Rationale for the Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets and Responses to Related Public Comments[R]. January 6,2006.
1.毕业论文格式
2.毕业论文正文要求格式
3.修改毕业论文标题格式
4.法学毕业论文格式要求
5.毕业论文封面格式要求
6.标准毕业论文排版格式
7.医学毕业论文格式要求
8.毕业论文格式通知
9.毕业论文格式
10.学术毕业论文提纲格式
篇4:职业生涯规划外文文献
当你准备考虑怎样计划自己的职业时,很多人都不是很肯定职业计划的意思,对我们来说,我们认为确定职业计划是你在一个选择的领域内或职业中,有想出一个好的计划来帮你达到你的目标。
为什么决定要一个职业目标?一个职业目标将会帮助你决定的想要集中为谋生做的工作。它指导你,激励你并且帮助你完成你想要达到的目标。一个职业目标设定后,能帮助你集中认真的处理你的工作,并且为你以后想要过的生活做的事情做出决定。一个职业目标可能是一位具体的像工作那样的一位办事员或者老师,再者一个职业目标可能是你想要工作的一个特别的领域,例如运输或者教育。
事业目标也许帮助你发现你的天分、技能和能力。你从来不会想过你会拥有一些特殊的技能。许多工作可能性存在于你选择的任一事业。有事业目标可能引导你,宁可做你想要做的工作。好好地过你的生活,而不是无目的地从一个工作到另一个工作的漂移。一旦你选择了一种事业,它将会是对你有益处的战略计划,认真地考虑以后的职业生涯,以找到你需要采取的行动,来实现你的目标和步骤。未来是变化莫测的,但是,你应该做事业目标和仍然计划必要的步骤,以更好的实现你的目标。
2 期望与失望
每个目标都是一个被期望的或渴望想要得到的结果,我们称这为期望。我们的期望帮助保留我们的动力。当我们体会了我们的目标真正的含义,我们经常感觉喜悦和满意。我们大家有期望和失望。在考虑我们的目标设计的过程中,我们必须随时准备着有失望。事业规划简单地说是目标计划以设置目标的意图为工作和用某些方式来进行我们的工作的领域。你更多懂得它怎么运作,使你可能更好的达到预期的目标,由运用过程将给你带来一些方便。事业规划简单地应该是目标计划后,为工作和事业设置目标的意图。为了保持竞争力,你需要以可能灵活。敏捷的运用你的技能,并且不断的增加你自身的技能,以增强竞争力。你能做的一些事是:去学校和老师沟通,采取专题学术讨论会或研讨会,跟上行业杂志趋势和博学多才的学者谈话,了解社会的最新动向职业规划 今天,它是根据我们的关心程度和时间安排为我们采取某种训练以熟悉全部的形式。当我谈到训练或技巧,我不是仅谈论到像组织和时间安排,虽然这些很重要。但是,压力处理,解决问题,风险采取,和克服耽搁,命名一些对达到你的目标有帮助的同等重要的事情。
3 事业规划的重要性
我们假设你选择的工作领域,
事业规划不是对那个领域进行基础的一次性的规划,而是一个持续的过程;实际上,你能称它终身过程,在人的一生中不断的在进行着。我们是在不断的事业规划中成长与学习。并且如同我们,我们的兴趣和需要总是不断的在改变,事业规划不是仅仅制造好的方案来使你的工作或事业更完美,而是帮助你做许多目标设计来调整你的工作走向,使你能更好的理解你的世界和工作的运作。
事业规划是预计,预言和计算所有有可能帮助你的目标的步骤,在这个过程中,你会一直做出不同的选择。当你选择一个而放弃另一个时,这叫机会成本。机会成本是当你做出选择而放弃另一件事情时,你将会错过这件事带给你的好处。在事业规划中,我们需要记住的是我们的机会成本和总考虑到将来我们的生活中可能发生的事情,那些事业成功的人知道自己的工作将会怎么发展。如同你比起看工作职位及艰苦的工作环境,更喜欢了解事业规划的流程。
事业规划是一个过程,是一个持续不断运行的周期运动。当你渴望你的事业有所变化,那么这个过程可能会重覆许多次。在计划你的事业时,设法找到能是为你辅导和协助你走正确路的人。事业规划和所有的目标调协和计划都是一样的.。区别是,你会将你的事业和工作目标从你可以得到的所有目标中分开来设计。
多数人不愿将他们的愿望和梦想联系实际,是因为他们不去实现他们的愿望和梦想以及不做一定的目标计划,目标是一个最终达到的梦想。
人们不为他们自己设计职业目标有很多原因。最大的原因是他们不了解什么是目标设置,目标设置的过程是技巧。我们大家在自己的生活中做一些目标来实现这些目标。但多数这些不是大的目标或改变生活的目标,像进入商业。改变的事业,或者变得富裕,写小说,或者去做一个高级检查员主管等,或者在你工作的领域里成为一个专家,避免这些事业规划中出现的错误。当你还是一个孩子,你向往的是做一个医生,宇航员或公主。而是当你逐渐变老,“等你长大了想做什么”的问题仍然会继续围绕着你,“我今年20岁”你可能想说“我怎么样才能知道我想要成为什么人?”
是否要等你真正进入大学或当你准备毕业时,才开始事业目标规划呢,其实现在正是时候开始考虑你的事业规划。当一些书籍无法告诉你怎么选择你的职业方向时,Donald Asher在他的书里讲述了一些怎么样避免共同的事业规划差错,以及怎么得到一个喜欢的工作。
(1) .不要混淆什么是你喜欢做的工作与什么是你善长做的工作。如果你柔滑的声音,你不需要在婚礼上才唱你的生命之歌,或者如果你在用香料方面有一种离奇的功能,你也不一定要成为厨师。首先开始你的事业兴趣搜集,先拿出两张纸,分别在每张纸上写下你喜欢做的工作和善长做的工作。选择其中一个最合适的工作。虽然它也许要求更多深入的探索,纸上写的什么是你最喜欢最重要的。为什么?由于如果你喜欢做某件事,你将为它做更多的事,而不仅仅为一张规划而支付薪金的支票。你将经常做这个工作,并且会在训练中投资,当做这件事情遇到困难时,你也会不顾一切的想去克服它,想去完成它。你将会一直做这个工作,到你善长这个工作。而且还远远不止这些。
篇5:毕业论文外文文献格式要求
根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计(论文)指导》的内容,特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求:
一、翻译的外文文献一般为1~2篇,外文字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为题目采用小三号黑体字居中打印,正文采用宋体小四号字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,附件1为一篇外文翻译的封面格式,附件二为两篇外文翻译的封面格式),若有两篇外文文献,请按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的顺序统一装订。
篇6:内部控制外文文献翻译
内部控制外文文献翻译
文献出处: Lakis V, Giriūnas L. THE CONCEPT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM: THEORETICAL ASPECT[J]. Ekonomika/Economics, , 91(2).
原文
THE CONCEPT OF INTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM:
THEORETICALASPECT
Vaclovas Lakis, Lukas Giriūnas*
Vilnius University, Lithuania
Introduction
One of the basic instruments of enterprise control, whose implementation in modern economic conditions provide conditions for achieving a competitive advantage over other enterprises is the creation of an effective internal control system. In the industry sector, the market is constantly changing, and this requires changing the attitude to internal control from treating it only in the financial aspect to the management of the control process. Internal control as such becomes an instrument and means of risk control, which helps the enterprise to achieve its goals and to perform its tasks. Only an effective internal control in the enterprise is able to help objectively assessing the potential development and tendencies of enterprise performance and thus to detect and eliminate the threats and risks in due time as well as to maintain a particular fixed level of risk and to provide for its reasonable
security .
The increasing variety of concepts of internal control systems requires their detailed analysis. A detailed analysis of the conceptions might help find the main reasons for their increasing number. It may also help to elaborate a structural scheme of the generalized concept of internal control. Consequently, it may help decrease the number of mistakes and frauds in enterprises and to offer the precautionary means that might help to avoid mistakes and build an effective internal control system.
The purpose of the study: to compile the definition of the concept of internal control system and to elaborate the structural scheme of the generalized conception for Lithuanian industrial enterprises.
The object of the research: internal control.
To achieve the aim, the following tasks were carried out:
to examine the definitions of internal control;?
to design a flowchart for the existing definitions of internal control;?
to formulate a new internal control system definition;?
to identify the place of the internal control system in a company’s objectives and ? its management activities.
Study methods: for the analysis of the conceptions of control, internal control, the concept of internal control system, systematic and comparative means of scietific methods of analysis were used.
1. Research of control conception
According to J. Walsh, J. Seward (1990), H. K. Chung, H. Lee Chong, H. K.
Jung , control may be divided into two types C internal and external controls those might help to equalize authority or concerned party‘s attitudes to some certain organization control. Internal control involves the supreme enterprise control apparatus and enterprise shareholders, whereas external control might be defined as the power in the market or branch, competitive environment or state business regulation. Such analytical division is essential when analysing industrial or other enterprises, because this attitude to control makes it more specific and properly defined.
The identification of an appropriate primary theoretical base is an important task in forming the structure of knowledge about the study subject. Appropriately selected conceptions enable to elucidate the essence of the processes, to characterize them and to realize their interplays and interaction principles. Conceptions may be defined as a summation of empirical cognition which transforms practically achieved results into conceptions. The above ideas might be taken as abstractions and lead to an ungrounded conclusion, and through conceptions the reality might be lost. Operating with more than one conceptions allows to form a universal opinion about the reality. Noteworthy, when operating with conceptions an optimal agreement might be found between theory and practice: using the common point of contact C conceptions C a theorist and a practician will always find the way and understand one another.
The main problem of internal control is related to the definition of control conception and the identification of the place of internal control in an organization. Constant changes of the extent, functions and roles of internal control enable to form a
common definition of internal control and to identify its place in an organization.
Analysis of the concept of internal control and its interpretation are essential for assessing the internal control system, because the conception of control is widely used not only in scientific research, but also in the daily activities of an enterprise; therefore the same conception might have a lot of various meanings and interpretations. Analysis of the concept provides conditions for the further research, because it is impossible to form a model of internal control assessment if the research object is unknown. A lot of definitions and variations of control can be found in the publications by Lithuanian and foreign scientists and in public information sources. For example, in the Dictionary of International Words (), control is defined as:
supervision, inspection of something; comparison of actual and required ? conditions;
an enterprise or a group of people that control the work and responsibility of other ? enterprises or groups of people;
maintenance of something.?
On the other hand, in the specialized Dictionary of Economic Terms (), control is defined as a performance with a definite influence on the management of an enterprise, as rights based on laws and contracts that involve proprietary rights to the whole property or its part, or any other rights that enable to exert a significant influence on the management and performance of an enterprise, or state supervision. Even in common information sources the definitions of control are formulated differently, although the common meaning is quite similar. Analysis and practical
studies of Lithuanian scientists’ works enable to state that there is no one solid concept, definition or description of control. For example, E. Bu?kevi?iūt? () says that when control is more particularly defined, its rules and requirements are described in more detail, it becomes more effective, more specific, more psychologically suggestive, it gives more freedom limits of choice for supervisors and less possibilities of lawlessness for people under control when. Identifying the object of the research, it should be noted that different definitions of control are given in scientific studies by Sakalas, ; Navickas, ; Katkus, 1997; Bu?kevi?iūt?, 2008; Drury, 2012; Bi?iulaitis, ; Lee Summers, 1991; Patrick, Fardo, ; Spencer, Pickett, ; Gupta, 2010 and other Lithuanian and foreign scientists (see Fig. 1).
The different conceptions and their interpretations indicate that there is no solid opinion about how to define control, and even scientists and practicians themselves do not agree upon a unified definition or description of control or the conception of internal control and its interpretations. In scientific literature, different interpretations of control conceptions are usually related to different aspects of this conception, and their meaning in different situations may be defined in different ways depending on the situation and other external factors. According to A. Katkus (1997), C. Drury (2009), R. Bi?iulaitis (2001), D. R. Patrick, S. W. Fardo (2009), K. H. S. Pickett (2010), during a long-term period control is usually related to achieving the already settled goals, their improvement and insurance. In other information sources (Dictionary of International Words, 2002; Sakalas, 2000; Bu?kevi?iūt?, 2008; Lee Summers, 1991) control is emphasized as a certain means of inspection which
provides a possibility to regulate the planned and actual states and their performance. Despite these different opinions, control might be reasoned and revealed as a traditional function of any object of control, emphasized as one of the main self-defence means from the possible threats in the daily performance of an org第一文库网anization. There is also a more modern approach. For example, V. Navickas (2011) and P. Gupta (2010), presenting the concept of control, name it not only as one of the main factors that influence the organization’s performance and influences its management, but also as one of the assessment means of the taken decisions and achieved values. Such interpretation of the conception of control shows the main role of control. For example, R. Kanapickien? (2008) has analysed a big number of control definitions and says that only an effective and useful control should exist in an enterprise because each enterprise tries to implement its purposes and avoid the possible losses, i.e. mistakes and frauds. According to J.A. Pfister (2009), there are several types of control, and they can be grouped into strategic, management, and internal control. Thus, different researchers give different definitions of control, their descriptions have different goals, but different control definitions lead to numerous variations in the analysis of the conception of control. Thus, to create an effective control, the presence of its unified concept becomes a necessity and the basis for ensuring an effective control of the organization’s performance. The existence of different conceptions of control also indicates that there might be different types or kinds of control.
2. The conception of internal control
Historical development of internal control as individual enterprise system is not as broad as other management spheres in science directions. The definition of internal control was presented for the first time in 1949 by the American Institute of Certificated Accountants (AICPA). It defined internal control as a plan and other coordinated means and ways by the enterprise to keep safe its assets, check the covertness and reliability of data, to increase its effectiveness and to ensure the settled management politics. However, the presented definition of control concept has been constantly improved, and nowadays there is quite an extensive set of conceptions that indicates the system of internal control as one of the means of leadership to ensure safety of enterprise assets and its regular development. In 1992, the COSOmodel appeared; its analysis distinguished the concepts of risk and internal control. Nnow, the concept of internal control involved not only accounting mistakes and implementing means of their prevention, but also a modern attitude that might identify the spheres of control management and processes, and also a motivated development of their detailed analysis. The Worldwide known collapses of such companies as Enron, Worldcom, Ahold, Parmalat and others determined to issue in 2002 the Law of SarbanesCOxley in the USA, in which attention is focused on the effectiveness of the enterprise internal control system and its assessment. Such a significant law as that of SarbanesCOxley has dearly show that not only the internal control system must be concretized and clearly defined, but also the means of implementing the internal control system and assessing their effectiveness must be covered. The concept of internal control was further improved by such Lithuanian and foreign scientists as A.
Сонин (2000), D. Robertson (1993), M.R. Simmons (1995), I. Toliatien? (2002), V. Lakis (), R. Bi?iulaitis (2001), J. Mackevi?ius (2001) and the international scientific organizations COSO, INTOSAI, CICA, IT Governance Institute.
A comparative analysis of the introduced concepts of internal control shows that the usage of the concept of internal control is quite broad as it is supposed to involve the performance not only of the state, but also of the private sector. Although the conception of internal control is defined in different ways emphasizing its different aspects, the essential term still remains the same in all authors’ definitions: internal control is the inspection, observation, maintenance and regulation of the enterprise’s work (see Fig. 3.).
It should be also be mentioned that the system of internal control may be defined in different ways every time. For example, R. T. Yeh and S. H. Yeh (2007) pay attention to the fact that usually such values as honesty, trust, respect, openness, skills, courage, economy, initiative, etc. are not pointed out, although they definitely can influence not only the understanding of the concept of internal control, but also its definition, because in different periods of time and in different situations it can obtain slightly different shades of meaning. Control and people, and values produced by people or their performance are tightly connected; consequently, internal control must be also oriented to the enterprise’s values, mission and vision; it does not matter how differently authors define the conception assessment limits: significant attention must be paid not to internal control itself, but to the identification of its functions and evaluation. Mostly internal control is concerned with authority management tools that help to control processes and achieve enterprise goals (COSO, 1992; Сонин, 2000; INTOSAI, ; CobiT, 2007; Toliatien?, 2002; Coco, 1995).
C.J. Buck, J.B. Breuker (2008) declare internal control as a mistake detecting and correcting
system; although J. Mackevi?ius (2001) and R. Bi?iulaitis (2001a) state that internal control is defined as a summation of certain rules, norms and means, actually such definitions are identical, but internal control must be related to safety, the rational use of property and the reliability of financial accounting.
Results of a comprehensive analysis of internal control enable to state that, although different authors give different definitions of internal control, there are still some general purposes of the system of internal control, aimed, to ensure reliable and comprehensive information, to protect the property and documents, to enssure an effective economic performance, observation of accounting principles and presentation of reliable financial records, obeying laws and executive acts, enterprise rules and the effective control of risk. Analysis of concept of internal control, presented in both foreign and Lithuanian literature enables to formulate its generalized definition: the system of internal control is part of enterprise management system, which ensures the implementation of its goals, effective economic and commercial performance, observance of accounting principles and an effective control of risks, which enables to minimize the number of intentional and unintentional mistakes and to avoid frauds in the process of enterprise performance, made by its authority or employees.
The internal control system in a company must cover and help to properly organize and control the entire activity of the company; thus, according to majority of authors, internal control is all-inclusive activity in financial and management accounting, as well as in the strategic management of projects, operations, personnel
and the total quality management. However, the most important thing is that internal control should not only cover the entire activity of the company, but also take into account its objectives, goals and tasks in order to make its economic-commercial activity as effective as possible. Analysis of scientific literature in the field shows that it is important not only to predict the particular areas of internal control and interrelate them, but also to stress that the most important objective of internal control is the effective management of risk by identifying and eliminating errors and frauds inside the company. Therefore, the concept of internal control offered by the authors covers a company’s areas of activities, its tasks and objectives; also, it provides for the main goal C an effective risk management.
Despite the quantitative indicators used for goal assessment, each enterprise and especially extractive industry enterprises where attention should be focused on avoiding mistakes and fraud should elaborate and introduce a really effective and optimal system of internal control and accounting so as to strengthen its position in the market and optimize profitability.
Conclusions
The analysis of control definitions has shown that rather wide variations of definitions and their interpretations prove control to be a wide concept, mainly due to the fact that control has quite many different aspects and its meaning in different situations may be also defined differently.
Nevertheless, there are still some general aspects of the system of internal control, which include ensuring reliable and comprehensive information, protecting the
property and documents, to ensure an effective economic performance, keeping to the principles of accounting and presenting reliable financial records, obeying laws and executive acts, enterprise rules and ensuring an effective control of risk.
As a result of the study, the authors present an inclusive and generalizing definition of internal control: the system of internal control is part of the enterprise management system that ensures the implementation of the enterprise’s goals, its effective economic-commercial performance, observance of accounting principles and an effective control of work risks, which enables to minimize the number of intentional and unintentional mistakes, and to avoid frauds in the process of enterprise performance, made by its authority or employees.
译文
内部控制制度:理论研究
拉基斯,卢卡斯
维尔纽斯大学,立陶宛
引言
企业控制的基本工具之一,建立一个有效的内部控制制度,为现代经济条件下企业获得竞争优势提供了条件。在工业领域,市场是不断变化的,这就要求改变的对内部控制的态度,要认识到它不仅仅是财政的一方面,而是对整个控制过
程的管理。内部控制成为风险控制的手段和方法,帮助企业实现其目标和执行其任务。在企业中,进行有效的内部控制能够帮助他客观地评估企业业绩的潜在的发展和趋势,从而及时检测和消除威胁和风险,保持某一特定的风险级别,以确保企业安全。
与日俱增的各种关于内部控制制度的概念需要他们的详细分析。对其概念的详细分析可以帮助找到他们主要原因。同时也能为内部控制的广义概念提供结构方案。因此,它可以帮助企业减少内部错误和欺诈行为,这些预警措施能避免错误出现以及建立一个有效的内部控制制度。
这项研究的目的:著述内部控制制度概念的内涵,并阐述立陶宛工业企业内部控制一般性观念的结构方案。
研究的对象:内部控制。
为了达到目标,应进行如下工作:
审查内部控制的定义,
为现有的内部控制概念设计流程图,
设想一个新的内部控制制度定义,
确定公司内部控制制度的目标及其管理活动。
研究方法:分析控制的概念,内部控制的概念,内部控制制度的概念,使用系统和比较这两个科学的分析方法。
1.对控制概念的研究
沃尔什,苏华德(1990),控制可以分为两种类型――内部和外部控制可能有助于平衡权力或关注相关方对某些特定组织控制的态度。内部控制涉及到最高的企业控制设备和企业股东,而外部控制可能被定义为市场或分公司的力量,竞
争环境或国家业务监管部门。当分析工业或其他企业时,这样的划分与分析是必要的,因为它能使控制概念更加具体和恰当。
形成关于研究主题的知识结构,确定一个适当的理论基础是一项重要的任务。适当选择的概念可以解释过程的本质,进一步的刻画他们并实现他们的相互影响和交互原则。概念可以定义为经验认知的总和,将实际取得的结果转换成概念。以上想法可能会被视为抽象或者导致一个无根据的结论,并且可能导致事实的丢失。多个概念将形成一个普遍的对现实的看法。值得注意的是,当理论和实践之间的最优协议达成后:运用联系的关键点――概念――理论家和有经验的人总会找到和理解彼此的方式。
内部控制的主要问题是控制概念的定义和识别组织中内部控制的地位。不断变化的程度,内部控制的职能和角色可以形成一个共同的内部控制的定义并确定它在一个组织中的地位。
分析内部控制的概念对评估内部控制系统是必不可少的,因为控制的概念不仅被广泛应用于科学研究中,而且也广泛应用于企业的日常活动中,因此同样的概念可能会有很多不同的含义和解释。分析概念为进一步研究提供了条件,因为如果研究对象是未知的,就不可能形成一个内部控制评估的模型。关于控制的很多定义和变化可以在立陶宛和外国科学家的出版物中找到。例如,在国际字典(2002),控制被定义为:
监督,视察某物;比较实际和必须的?条件;
一个企业或一群人,控制其他的工作和责任?企业或团体的人;
维护某物。
另一方面,在经济术语的专业词典(2005),控制被定义为一个对企业管理具
有确切影响的行为,根据法律和合同的权限,涉及整个或其部分财产所有权,或任何其他权利,能对企业绩效与管理或者国家监督产生重要影响。即使在公共信息资源下,控制的定义也有一定的差异,尽管公共信息资源非常相似。立陶宛科学家的分析和实际研究表明,对于控制定义的阐述,目前还没有一个固定的概念。例如,Bu?kevi?iūt?(2008)认为,当控制被赋予特别的定义时,就要更详细的描述它的规则和要求,它也会变得更有效、更具体、更具有心理暗示,它给予监督者更多的自由选择限制,处于控制之下的人们违法的可能性也大大降低。确定研究的对象,应该注意的是,关于控制的不同定义,Sakalas,2000;Navickas,2011;Katkus,1997;Bu?kevi?iūt?,2008;Drury,2012; Bi?iulaitis,2001;Lee Summers ,1991;Patrick, Fardo,2009;Spencer, Pickett,2010;Gupta ,2010以及立陶宛和外国其他科学家作出了不同的描述(见图1)。
不同的.观念以及他们的解释表明,对于控制的定义没有一个固定的观点,甚至科学家与专家对于控制的概念、内部控制的概念解释没有达成统一意见。在科学文献中,对于控制概念的不同解释通常与这个概念的不同方面相关,根据现状与其他外部因素,在不同情况下他们的含义可能会以不同的形式来定义。根据A. Katkus(1997),C. Drury (2009),R. Bi?iulaitis(2001),D.R. Patrick・S.W. Fardo(2009),K.H.S・ Pickett (2010),长期控制通常与完善与稳固已达到的目标相关。其他信息来源(国际词汇字典,2002;Sakalas,2000;Bu?kevi?iūt?,2008;李萨默斯,1991)控制被强调作为一个特定的检查手段提供了控制调节计划、发展现状以及绩效的可能性。尽管有这些不同的观点,控制的存在应当是合理的,对于控制对象的监督,其强调作为一个重要的正当防卫,对组织绩效和日常运转起一个重要的监督作用。(完整译文请到百度文库)还有一个更具现代化
的方式。例如,V. Navickas(2011)和P. Gupta (2010)认为,控制不仅是影响组织绩效和管理一个主要因素,而且能作为评估决策和实现价值的手段。这样的解释控制的概念显示了控制的主要作用。例如,R. Kanapickien?(2008)对控制的许多种概念作了分析,认为,一个企业应当具备一个有效的和有用的控制,因为每个企业都试图实现它的目标,避免可能的损失,如错误和欺诈。根据J.A. Pfister (2009)的观点,控制的类型有很多种,可分为战略、管理和内部控制。因此,不同的研究人员对于控制的定义不同,它们的解释有不同的标准,但是,控制的不同定义致使对于控制概念分析的多重变化。因此,创建一个有效的控制,统一其概念十分必要,他是确保有效控制组织绩效的基础。不同控制概念的存在也标志着可能有不同的类型或种类的控制。
2.内部控制的概念
内部控制的历史发展作为私企体系的一部分,在科学方向上不如其他管理领域广泛。内部控制的定义首次是由美国注册会计师协会(会计师协会)在1949年提出。它将内部控制定义为企业保护其安全的资产的一种计划或其他协调手段与方式,检查隐秘的与可靠性数据,增加其有效性及确保管理政治的顺利解决。然而,对于控制概念的解释不断得到完善,当前的概念已变得非常广泛,内部控制制度作为组织领导保护企业资产的安全及其正常发展的手段。1992年,COSO模式出现,分析了风险和内部控制的概念。现在,内部控制的概念不仅涉及一种核算错误和防范风险的手段,而且当前的观点认为,其能识别控制管理和流程的范围。全世界都知道的倒闭公司如安然、世通、阿霍德、帕玛拉特和其他决定宣布破产的公司――美国的奥克斯利,他们关注的重点是企业内部控制系统的有效性及其评估。这样的重要法律如萨班斯-奥克斯利法案的代价不仅表明,内部控制制
度的概念必须得到清晰地界定,同样也意味着实施内部控制制度和评估其有效性的方式必须有所转变。内部控制的含义通过立陶宛和外国科学家Сонин(2000),D・罗伯逊(1993),M.R.西蒙斯(1995),I.Toliatien?(2002),V. Lakis(2007),R. Bi?iulaitis(2001),J. Mackevi?ius(2001)和《国际科学组织COSO,国际最高审计机关组织,亚信论坛,IT治理研究所的研究变得更加完善。
结论
对于控制概念的分析表明,大幅度变化的定义和解释证明控制是一个广泛的概念,主要是因为这样的事实:控制有许多不同的方面,它的意义在不同的情况下也可以有不同的定义。
尽管如此,内部控制制度的仍然有许多基本的方面,其中包括确保可靠和全面的信息,保护财产和文档,以确保一个有效的经济效益,遵循会计原则以提供可靠的财务报告,遵守法律和行政条例、企业规则和确保风险的有效控制。
这项研究的结论是,作者提出了一个包容性的概念,概括了内部控制的定义:内部控制制度是企业管理体系的一部分,以确保企业目标的实现,具有有效的经济商业效益,其遵守会计准则并能有效地控制风险,降低错误发生的概率,并避免企业活动过程中的欺诈行为。
篇7:红楼梦论文外文参考文献
《红楼梦》复杂的版本问题历来为学界所关注。20世纪代以来,陆续发现的抄本刻本就达13种之多,且彼此间存在相当数量的异文。在何本为最好的版本这一问题上,学界的评价标准呈现多元化特征。其中,从校勘学的研究视角,以是否贴近曹雪芹原笔原意,是否“真本”作为“优本”评判标准的观点占主流,以文字的艺术效果作为评判标准的观点占少数。我们在这里整理了一些红楼梦论文外文参考文献,希望对你有用。
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23、WANG Wei.Pedagogical Translation and Senior English Language Teaching[J]. 海外英语。 2019(02)
24、MA Qin,CHENG Ling.Exploring into Cultural Obstacles in TCM Terms Translation[J]. 海外英语。 2019(05)
25、ZHANG Yu.Cultural Context in Literary Translation-from the Perspective of Explanatory Function and Restrictive Function[J]. 海外英语。 2019(05)
26、ZHAO Mi.On Translation of Business English from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory[J]. 海外英语。 2019(05)
27、刘会然,王繁。社会学视角下对翻译机构的重解[J]. 海外英语。 2019(04)
28、JIAN Jia.On the Problems and Techniques in English-Chinese Translation--A Discussion about the Translation of“Green Crisis”[J]. 海外英语。 2019(04)
29、FAN Yuan,YANG Jing.On Model of Translation Beginners' Mechanism of Mental Translation[J]. 海外英语。 2019(06)
30、Yong Guo.Brief Analysis on Cultural Losses in the English Version of A Dream in Red Mansions by David Hawkes--Taking the Panci of Jia Yingchun as an Example[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Education Research and Reform(ERR 2019 V8)[C]. 2019
31、Qu Yingmei,Gao Yihang,Wang Guohua.A Contrastive Study on Traditional Chinese Tea Culture Translations[A]. Proceedings of the Fourth Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language,Literature and Translation[C]. 2019
32、Wang Xibao,Wang Zhuojue.Research on English Translation of Peking Opera Masterpiece: You Sisters in Red Mansions[A]. Proceedings of the 2019 Northeast Asia International Symposium on Linguistics,Literature and Teaching(NALLTS Volume A)[C]. 2019
33、Jing Wang,Jiafeng Liu.Study on Choice of Translation Strategies for Character Name with Pun Meaning from Delabastita's Theory Taking English Version of A Dream of Red Mansions as an Example[A]. Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication(ICELAIC 2019)[C]. 2019
34、Mei-xia LI.A Quantitative and Qualitative Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Logical Resultative Formulae:A Parallel Corpus-Based Approach[A]. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Advanced Education Technology and Management Science(AETMS 2019)[C]. 2019
35、Zhangjun Lian,Zequan Liu.A Parallel Corpora-Based Study of E motion Words and its Translation in Hong Lou Meng-From the Perspective of Affect in Appraisal Systems[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Sports Medicine and Sports Management(SMSM 2019 V1)[C]. 2019
36、Zhang Shidong,Peng Shuang.The Confusion and Solution of Won & Done Song in Dream of Red Mansions[A]. Proceedings of the Fourth Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language,Literature and Translation[C]. 2019
37、Hua Feng.On the Artistic Charm in “A Dream of Red Mansions”[A]. 2019 International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2019) Part A[C]. 2019
38、Wang Guo Feng.Politeness Phenomena in Ancient China:An Analysis of A Dream of Red Mansions[A]. Proceedings of the First Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language,Literature and Translation[C]. 2019
39、Xiaojuan Lu.Unfairness Embodied in the Institution of Marriage in Ancient China --- Take a Dream of Red Mansions as an Example[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Education Reform and Management Innovation(ERMI 2019) Volume 4[C]. 2019
40、Dan Zhang.A Study of Complaints in A Dream of Red Mansions[A]. Proceedings of 2019 4th International Conference on Education and Education Management(EEM 2019 V66)[C]. 2019
41、Lu Xiaojuan.Interpretation of the Function of the Space Narrative in a Dream in Red Mansions--Taking Granny Liu's Second Visit to Grand View Garden for Example[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Education Reform and Management Innovation(ERMI 2019) Volume 4[C]. 2019
42、Changmin Wang.Analysis on Characteristics of Network Literature Reading by Teenager[A]. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference: Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2019)[C]. 2019
43、Sry Mulya Kurniati.Using Abridged Local Folklores to Develop Students' Reading Achievement and Moral Value[A]. The proceedings of 2019 International Conference on World Islamic Studies[C]. 2019
44、Yan Guo,Haolan Zhang,Chaoyi Pang.EEG-based mild depression detection using multi-objective particle swarm optimization[A]. 第29届中国控制与决策会议论文集(4)[C]. 2019
45、Zhi-huan ZHANG,Long-hua MA,Chao HU.Virtual Simulation Clouds Laboratory for the MOOC Experimental Teaching Platform[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Education, Management and Systems Engineering(EMSE 2019)[C]. 2019
46、Yan Guo,Chao Dong.A novel Intelligent Credit Scoring Method using MOPSO[A]. 第29届中国控制与决策会议论文集(5)[C]. 2019
47、Yong Zhu,Linjun Sun,Jili Tao.Curriculum Reform of Communication Principle Experiment Based on Theory of Multiple Intelligence[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Education and Education Management(EEM 2019 V3)[C]. 2019
48、Yihua Liu,Guangzhou Zhao.Course Construction of Automation Specialty for Applied technical undergraduate in China's Higher Education Reform[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Education,Social Science,Management and Sports(ICESSMS 2019)[C]. 2019
49、Bao Jianyu,Zhang Shan.Wireless LED Dimming Control Based on WiFi[A]. Proceedings of 2019 6th International Conference on Information Engineering for Mechanics and Materials(ICIMM 2019)[C]. 2019
50、Guanghui Song,Xiaogang Jin,Genlang Chen,Yan Nie.Multi-label Image Ranking based on Deep Convolutional Features[A]. Proceedings of 2019 6th International Conference on Information Engineering for Mechanics and Materials(ICIMM 2019)[C]. 2019
51、WANG Xinguang,TAO Jili,ZHANG Ridong.Fuzzy energy management control for battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid electric vehicles[A]. 第28届中国控制与决策会议论文集(下)[C]. 2019
52、Liyong Hu,Di Zheng,Feng Qiao,Jianming Zhan,Junhua Chen.Research on Smart Cast for Fish Cage Aquaculture based on image processing[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications(WARTIA 2019)[C]. 2019
53、Yang,Qingqing,Fan,Shengli,Wang,Lang,Wang,Yigang.Road Detection by RANSAC on Randomly Sampled Patches with Slanted Plane Prior[A]. 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings(ICSP2019)[C]. 2019
54、Fangming Zhang,Changhuai Lv,Jie Yang,Caiyu Zhang,Guisen Li,Licheng Fu.Path Planning Methods for Auto-Guided Rice-Transplanters[A]. Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX-Proceedings of 9th IFIP WG 5.14 International Conference,CCTA2019,Part II[C]. 2019
55、Qiyu Liu,Longjin Lv.Solution for a Space-time Fractional Diffusion Equation[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Modelling, Simulation and Applied Mathematics(MSAM 2019)[C]. 2019
56、Jun QIU,Ying-dao LI,Chao HU.PMLSM Position Control Based on Energy Shaping Method[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Energy Engineering(ICESEE 2019)[C]. 2019
57、Ying-dao LI,Jun QIU,Ling-jian YE.Design of Adaptive Subspace Predictive Controller for Stable Operation[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Energy Engineering(ICESEE 2019)[C]. 2019
58、Ping Yuan,Yanbin Liu.The Study on the Effect of University Faculties' Job Stress on Organizational Commitment[A]. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Volume 72[C]. 2019
59、Yanbin Liu,Fanghui Ju,Zhiwei Yu,Chidi Hu.Exploratory Research on the Construction of Entrepreneurial Specialty in Universities-Typical Cases from Ningbo[A]. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Volume 72[C]. 2019
60、Shaohui Huang,Longhua Ma,Miao Huang,Ming Xu,Hongye Su.Shield Attitude Control based on ANFIS[A]. 第28届中国过程控制会议(CPCC 2019)暨纪念中国过程控制会议30周年摘要集[C]. 2019
61、Zhihuan Zhang,Zhensheng You,Longhua Ma.Control and Stability Analysis of Bipedal Hybrid Robot Model Based on Bionics[A]. 第28届中国过程控制会议(CPCC 2019)暨纪念中国过程控制会议30周年摘要集[C]. 2019
62、Miao Huang,Xin Wang,Longhua Ma,Hongye Su.Nonlinear Adaptive Control using Multiple Models and Immersion & Invariance for a class of non-affine nonlinear systems[A]. 第28届中国过程控制会议(CPCC 2019)暨纪念中国过程控制会议30周年摘要集[C]. 2019
63、J.Q.LI,J.L.CHEN,X.Y.LI,X.L.MA.Effects of Al-5Ti-B-2RE on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-10Mg alloy[A]. Recent Trends in Materials and Mechanical Engineering Materials, Mechatronics and Automation PART2[C]. 2019
64、Hao Wang,Ruey (Kelvin) Cheu,Der-Horng Lee.A Study of Real Time Security Monitoring of Commercial Vehicles Using a Microscopic Traffic Simulation Model[A]. Recent Trends in Materials and Mechanical Engineering Materials, Mechatronics and Automation PART2[C]. 2019
65、Hao Wang,Ruey (Kelvin) Cheu,Der-Horng Lee.RFID Enabled Signal Priority Strategies for Bus Operations[A]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials and Mechanical Engineering(ICRTMME 2019 Part 3)[C]. 2019
66、Wei Liu,Yiqun Weng.Research on Construction of Smart Financial Service System Based on Citizen IC Card[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Social Sciences and Society (ICSSS 2019 V1)[C]. 2019
67、Haina Sun.(2,1)-Total labelling of trees[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Computer Science(ICAMCS 2019 Part3)[C]. 2019
68、C.Y.Yu,R.J.Cheng,H.Q.Liu.The continuum model considering the drivers' anticipation effect[A]. Abstract of The 2019 International Conference on Advanced Materials, Structures and Mechanical Engineering[C]. 2019
69、Lu Liang-zhi,Sun Jia-ying,Yang Yi-fan,Jiang Ying-bo.A New Solidification Technology Of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash And Its Application In Asphalt Mixture[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Workshop on Materials Engineering and Computer Sciences (IWMECS 2019)[C]. 2019
70、Yihua Liu,Guangzhou Zhao.Research-driven Practice teaching Reform of Automation Professional of Engineering Colleges[A]. Proceedings of 2019 3rd International Conference on Education,Management,Arts,Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2019)[C]. 2019
71、Jian-ning Lai,Yi-gang Wang,Sheng-li Fan.A Microscopic Image Sharpness Metric Based on the Local Binary Pattern(LBP)[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering and Technology for Manufacturing Growth(METMG 2019)[C]. 2019
72、Wenhu Wang,Chao Hu,Weixing Lin,Jianmeng Bao.Sensor Arrangement Optimization of Wearable Model in Magnetic Localization System[A]. Proceedings of 2019 2nd International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering and Technology for Manufacturing Growth(METMG 2019)[C]. 2019
73、Huamin Li.Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Revisit Intention: Data from East China[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Global Economy,Commerce and Service Science(GECSS 2019 V78)[C]. 2019
74、Qiao-Xing Li,Xing-Sen Li.The Method to Construct Elementary Dependent Function on Single Interval[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Computer Science(ICAMCS 2019 Part1)[C]. 2019
75、Genlang Chen,Shiting Wen,Jinqiu Yang,Guan Hui Song.Building an Experimental Platform for Cloud and Big Data Education[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Education Reform and Modern Management(ERMM 2019 V75)[C]. 2019
76、Xingsen Li,Min Wu,Wei Liu.Improvement on the Creative Thinking Capability of Undergraduates Using Basic-element Theory[A]. Proceedings of 2019 Fourth International Conference on Education and Sports Education(ESE 2019 V11)[C]. 2019
77、Jianyu Bao,Weibing Bao,Jie Gong.A PWM Multilevel Current-Source Inverter Used for Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Future Energy, Environment, and Materials(FEEM 2019 V16 (Part A))[C]. 2019
78、Genlang Chen,Jiuqiu Yang.The Analysis of University Curriculum Setting Based on KNIME[A]. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Future Computer Supported Education(FCSE 2019 V2)[C]. 2019
79、Haina Sun,Jinghong Liu.(2, 1)-Total Labeling of Trees with Maximum Degree 4[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials Science(SSDMS 2019 V25)[C]. 2019
80、Shulin Li,Zhaohui Li,Yafei Wang,Xiao Ruan,Cunde Pan,Qiang Wang.Preliminary Study for the Allelopathic Effect of Water Extracts from Solidago Canadensis Leaves[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Materials Science and Chemical Engineering(MSCE 2019 V699)[C]. 2019
81、Liu Huaqing,Ye Caihong,Ge Hongxia,Yu Chenyan.A continuum model in traffic flow considering the jerk effect[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics(AMEII 2019)[C]. 2019
82、Ping Yu,Feiqing Wu,Enjun Yu,Jiong Sun.Research on Electrical and Electronic Instructions Based on a Real-time Feedback System[A]. Proceedings of International Conference on Information Sciences,Machinery,Materials and Energy(ICISMME 2019)[C]. 2019
83、Fangming Zhang,Ximing Feng,Yuan Li,Xiuqin Rao,Di Cui.A Low-Cost Positioning System for Parallel Tracking Applications of Agricultural Vehicles by Using Kalman Filter[A]. 第五届国际计算机与计算技术在农业中的应用研讨会论文集第一部分[C]. 2019
84、Wen Liu,Xu Ding,Guohui Wang,Jiqiang Li.STUDY ON MOULD HEAT PENETRATION DEPTH FOR SEMI-SOLID NET SHAPE FORMING[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Symposium on Computer Science and Technology(ISCST'2019)[C]. 2019
85、Yan Wu,Yunting Tang.RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION ON AUTOMATIC CHINESE AND CANTONESE SPELLING ERROR CORRECTION[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Symposium on Computer Science and Technology(ISCST'2019)[C]. 2019
86、Yunting Tang,Yan Wu.RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION ON CHINESE WORD SEGMENTATION[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Symposium on Computer Science and Technology(ISCST'2019)[C]. 2019
87、Han Xianglan,Zhanggang,Liu Yangguang,Zhenghong.A GRID BASED HALL FOR WORKSHOP OF META-SYNTHETIC ENGINEERING[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Symposium on Computer Science and Technology(ISCST'2019)[C]. 2019
88、Jiajia Sun,Jili Tao,Lingong Li,Qinru Fan.Interest-oriented Practice Reform of Circuit Curriculum Group[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Convergence Information Technology(ICCIT 2019)[C]. 2019
89、XU Xian-Sheng,LIU Yan,LI Ye,XU Xu.Accuracy assessment of the Doppler frequency and pseudorange model based on GPS/LEO radio occultation[A]. 第六届中国卫星导航学术年会论文集-S01北斗/GNSS导航应用[C]. 2019
90、Fang-ming Zhang,Zhi-gang liu,Yuan Li,Beom-Soo Shin,Ru-jiang Shou.A row-following control method for auto-guided rice transplanters[A]. 2019中国农业机械学会国际学术年会论文集[C]. 2019
91、Haina Sun.Trees with 3,4 are not in maximum degree distance[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Neural Computing(FSNC 2019 V1)[C]. 2019
92、Haina Sun,Rongjun Cheng.The meshless reproducing kernel particle method for two-dimensional linear hyperbolic equations[A]. Future Materials Engineering and Industry Application(ICFMEIA 2019)[C]. 2019
93、Liu Pengfei,Tao Jili,Wang Xinguang.Decoupling ARX Time-space model based GPC for distributed parameter system[A]. 第三十四届中国控制会议论文集(A卷)[C]. 2019
94、Yiou Shao,Xin Yu,Huanda Lu.The Relativity Analysis between Summer Loads and Climatic Condition of Ningbo[A]. Electronics and Signal Processing (EEIC 2019 LNEE V1)[C]. 2019
95、Shengjian Zhang,Yingxian Zhao.Kinetics and Selectivity of Cyclohexane Pyrolysis[A]. Future Material Research and Industry Application(FMRIA 2019 Part 1)[C]. 2019
96、Shengjian Zhang,Yingxian Zhao.Molar Kinetics in Catalytic Hydrocracking of Asphaltenes[A]. Future Material Research and Industry Application(FMRIA 2019 Part 1)[C]. 2019
97、Zheng Di,Shi Yongjie,Wang Yuan,Zhao Xiaojun,Pan Lun,Lu Feng.Effects of Curvature on Material Removal in NC Polishing of Aspheric Part[A]. Materials Science and Engineering Technology(ISMSET2019)[C]. 2019
98、Qiu Jun,Hu Chao,Yang Sainv.PMSM Hamiltonian Energy Shaping Control with Parameters Self-tuning PID Control[A]. 第三十四届中国控制会议论文集(C卷)[C]. 2019
99、Haina Sun.Total Labelling of the Tree with Maximum Degree[A]. Future Information Engineering(ICFIE 2019 V8)[C]. 2019
100、Wang Yuan,Gangyi Jiang,Yigang Wang,Mei Yu,Feng Shao,Zongju Peng.Grid-Based Corner Detection of the Microscopic Camera Calibration[A]. Advanced Measurement and Test(AMT 2019 Part 2)[C]. 2019
101、HU Chao,FENG Zhongqing,REN Yupeng,CHEN Yueyue,LIN Haixiang,WANG Kai,XU Xiaodong,BAO Jianmeng.An Efficient Magnetic Localization System For Indoor Planar Mobile Robot[A]. 第三十四届中国控制会议论文集(C卷)[C]. 2019
102、Zhi-wei Yu,Guo-hong Zhou,Bin Wang.Analysis on the Starting Point and Path of Informatization in the Underdeveloped Rural Areas:A Survey of 52 Undeveloped Rural Villages of Ningbo[A]. Advances in Information Technology and Education(CSE 2019 CCIS 202)[C]. 2019
103、Haina Sun.Trees with 3,4 Are Not in Maximum Degree Distance[A]. 2019 International Conference on Machine Intelligence(ICMI 2019 V3)[C]. 2019
104、Shengjian Zhang,Yingxian Zhao.Molar Kinetics in Catalytic Hydrocracking of Asphaltenes[A]. Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Neural Computing(FSNC 2019 V3)[C]. 2019
105、Chi Zhang,Guangzhou Zhao,F.P.M.Dullens.Adaptive Control of Vertical Stage of A Robot Arm for Wafer Handling[A]. Manufacturing Systems and Industry Application(ICMEAT 2019 MSIA)[C]. 2019
106、C.Zhang,G.Zhao,Y.Xiao,X.Yang.Decoupling Robust Control of Three-Link Direct Drive Robot Arm[A]. Manufacturing Science and Materials Engineering(ICMSME 2019 Part 1)[C]. 2019
107、Yu Zhiwei,Ji Zhongyuan.Study on Security Management-oriented Business Process Model[A]. Manufacturing Systems and Industry Application(ICMEAT 2019 MSIA)[C]. 2019
108、Libing Shu.Study on Overall Performance Appraisal of Supply Chain Based on Cooperative View[A]. Applied Economics, Business and Development(ISAEBD 2019 CCIS 208)[C]. 2019
109、Libing Shu,Rong Chen.Study on Behavioral Motivations of Chinese Private Enterprises' Social Responsibility under Perspective of Needs Satisfaction[A]. Applied Economics, Business and Development(ISAEBD 2019 CCIS 208)[C]. 2019
110、Yupeng Dong.On the Research of the Pledge of Digital Copyright[A]. Proceedings of 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology(ICCSIT 2019) VOL03[C]. 2019
111、Xingsen Li,Zhongbiao Xiang.CLOUD COMPUTING FOR EXTENSION INNOVATION[A]. Proceedings of 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence Systems[C]. 2019
112、Wang Guo Feng.Politeness Phenomena in Ancient China:An Analysis of A Dream of Red Mansions[A]. Proceedings of the First Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language,Literature and Translation[C]. 2019
113、Lu Ying.A Genre-Based Comparison between Chinese and American Company Profiles:A Cultural Exploration[A]. Proceedings of the First Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language,Literature and Translation[C]. 2019
篇8:外文会议论文参考文献格式
1.会议论文
Traugott, E. C. Promise and pray-parentheticals[R]. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Santiagov de Compostela, Spain, September .
崔希亮. 事件情态和汉语的`表态系统[R]. 第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论会论文,湖南长沙,4月.
2.论文集论文
Bybee, J. The Grammaticization of Zero: Asymmetries in Tense and Aspect Systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1994: 235-254.
文秋芳. 英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点[A]. 文秋芳, 王立非.英语学习策略实证研究[C]. 西安:陕西师范大学出版社, : 255-259.
3.网上文献
王岳川. 当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL].
www.blocchina.com/new/display/58592.html/, .(11月18日读取)
4.专著
Bloomfield, L. Language [M]. New York: Hol, 1933.
吕叔湘, 朱德熙. 语法修辞讲话[M]. 北京:中国青年出版社, 1952.
刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥. 图书馆目录[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.
5.译著
Saussure. F. de. Course in General Linguistics[M]. ed. C. Bally & A. Sechehaye. trans. R. Harris. London: Duckworth, 1983.
赵元任, 中国话的文法 (A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]. 丁邦新译. 香港:香港中文大学出版社, 1968/1980.
6.编著/论文集
Giacalone, A. & P. J. Hopper (eds.). The Limits of Grammaticalization[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, .
北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编). 现代汉语补语研究资料[C]. 北京:北京语言学院出版社, 1992,
7.学位论文
Tabor, W. Syntactic Innovation: A Connectionist Model [D]. Ph.D Dissertation. Stanford: Stanford University, 1994.
祖生利. 元代白话碑文研究[D]. 北京:中国社会科学院, 2000.
8.期刊论文
Bolinger, D. The Atomization of Word Meaning[J]. Language, 1965 (4): 555-573.
朱永生. 名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]. 外语教学与研究, (2):83-90.
何龄修. 读顾城《南明史》[J]. 中国史研究,1998 (3):167-173.
9.词典
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th edition) [Z], ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编). 现代汉语词典(The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语)[Z]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, .
10.报刊文章
田志凌. 魔戒的尴尬与文学翻译的危机[N]. 南方都市报,-8-24(8).
注: 先英文后中文,以字母顺序排列。英文部分Times New Roman,小四;汉语部分:宋体 小四号;均1.5倍行距,两行及以上悬垂缩进3个字符。参考文献要与文中夹注项对应。
篇9:学位论文标准格式
学位论文标准格式
一、论文封面制作要求
(一)采用学校发放的统一封面
(二)封页上填写论文题目、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、学科(专业)等内容。上述内容请打印在扉页上。
☆ 学位论文中的论文题目应一致,避免使用不常用缩略语、首字母缩写字、字符、代号和公式等。
☆ 题目用词必须考虑有助于选定关键词和编制题录、文摘等二次文献,可以提供检索用的特定实用信息。
(三) 题名页
☆ 请严格按“标准样本”(详见附件一,以英语学院为例)制作。
(四)论文原创声明页、使用授权声明、答辩委员会成员页
使用研究生部统一格式文档(详见附件二、附件三)
二、论文内容编排要求
(一) 总体要求
1.学位论文内容要求完整、准确,层次分明,数据可靠,文字简练,说明透彻,推理严谨,立论正确;
2.采用国家正式公布实施的简化汉字和法定的计量单位;
3.文中采用的术语、符号、代号,全文必须统一,并符合规范化的要求;
4.如果文中使用新的专业术语、缩略语、习惯用语,应加以注释。国外新的专业术语、缩略语,必须在译文后用圆括号注明原文;
5.学位论文的插图、照片必须确保能复制或缩微;
6.文摘页、目次页、插图和附表清单、符号和缩略词的说明等,用阿拉伯数字单独编连续码。
(二)论文统一按word格式A4纸(“页面设置”按word默认值)编排、打印、制作。正文内容,字体:宋体、字号:小四号、字符间距:标准、行距:20磅。
(三) 论文撰写格式
1. 致谢
谢辞应以简短的.文字对撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员(如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示谢意。
☆ 体现在目录中
2.中文摘要(包括关键词)
摘要应不加注释和评论、简短明了地陈述学位论文的内容,具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用。
摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、研究方法、结果和最终结论等,重点是结果和结论,突出学位论文中具有创新性的成果。摘要内容应包含与报告、论文等同量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也可供二次文献(文摘等)采用。中文摘要字数按各学科点要求执行。
☆ 体现在目录中
☆ 中文摘要标题使用“摘要”
☆ “关键词”字样加粗
3. 外文摘要(包括关键词)
外文摘要内容(含论文题目)应与中文摘要基本对应,符合文法,语句通顺,文字流畅。外文摘要字数按各学科点要求执行。
☆ 体现在目录中
☆ 外文摘要标题使用“Abstract”或相应其它语种单词。
☆ “Keywords”字样加粗
4. 图、表目录(如有)
☆ 跟着前面部分使用大写罗马字母编制页码
☆ 体现在目录中
5. 目录
目录应将文内的章节标题依次排列,标题简明扼要。目录页中每行均由标题名称和页码组成,包括引言(或前言),主要内容的篇、章、条、款、项序号和标题,小结,(引文)参考文献、注释、附录,可供参考的文献题录、索引等。
☆ 目录本身不编页码
6. 论文正文
论文正文是学位论文的核心部分,必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。
☆ 每一章另起一页,不与上一章内容出现在同一页
☆ 不能出现空白页
7. 参考文献
参考文献是文中引用的有具体文字来源的文献集合,分门别类,按责任者的字母拼音顺序列出。在引用别人的科研成果时,应在引用处加以说明,避免论文抄袭现象。
☆ “参考文献”/“Reference”应为一级标题,字号格式须同章标题一致
☆ 参考文献著录可使用GB格式、APA格式、MLA格式著录,保持整个参考文献著录格式统一规范;
☆ 参考文献不区分文献类型,著录时将所有文献按照首字序排列,先外文再中文,连续编号
☆ 电子文献著录的网址无下划线,统一为黑色字体
8. 注释
注释应符合基本学术规范。
9. 附录
附录是论文主体的补充项目,一般有以下四种情况:
a) 为了整篇论文材料的完整,但编入正文又有损于编排的条理和逻辑性,包括比正文更为详尽的信息、研究方法和技术更深入的叙述,建议可以阅读的参考文献题录,对了解正文内容有用的补充信息等。
b) 由于篇幅过大或取材于复制品而不便于编入正文的材料。
c) 不便于编入正文的罕见珍贵资料。
d) 对一般读者并非必要阅读,但对本专业同行有参考价值的资料。
☆ 体现在目录中
三、论文打印和装订要求
(一) 页码
1.致谢、中文摘要、外文摘要依次使用大写罗马数字编写页码;
2.从“绪论”开始(包括正文、参考文献、附录、作者简介、后记等),用阿拉伯数字编写连续页码;
3.目录页本身不编页码;
(二) 装订顺序
论文内容一般由如下主要部分组成,依次为:封面(包括扉页),中文题名页,外文题名页,论文原创性声明、使用授权声明,答辩委员会成员,致谢,中文摘要,外文摘要,图、表目录(任选),目录,论文正文,参考文献,注释,附录(任选),作者简介(任选),后记(任选)。请按照此顺序装订论文。
(三) 打印
1.论文正文前面部分单页打印,论文正文及参考文献双面打印;
2.论文必须用线装或热胶装订,不能使用钉子装订。
四、论文提交规范
(一)通过答辩后,请论文作者将装订好的定稿学位论文及存有论文的光盘提交到校图书馆。请注意,提交的学位论文须为定稿论文,一旦提交不得更换。
(二)电子版论文请合并为应为一个pdf文件(不加密),由论文作者直接提交图书馆审核验收(提交办法详见图书馆官网“学位论文提交”)。
☆ 学位论文的电子版:由论文作者直接提交图书馆审核验收(提交办法详见图书馆官网“学位论文提交”)。
(三)纸质版学位论文提交:
1.电子版论文经图书馆审核验收通过后,再提交纸质版论文至图书馆。
2.论文封面上的“论文题目、学科专业、届别、姓名、导师”须打印填写,不得手写。
3.硕士生需提交纸质版论文一式三份、一张光盘,博士生需提交纸质版论文一式四份、一张光盘。
篇10:如何写好学位论文
如何写好一篇学位论文
摘要:本文结合研究生培养中的科学研究及论文撰写等重要环节进行了一般规律性的总结.其目的是培养研究生科学,严谨,求实的优良学风,在研究生学习阶段做出创新性成果.
一,引言
学位论文是研究生的代表作,是研究生综合素质培养全过程的概括与总结,是培养研究生的重要环节.它集中反映了一名研究生的基础理论和专门知识的扎实性,系统性,反映了学生在本门学科中掌握知识的深度和广度,也反映了学生灵活运用基础理论解决实际问题的能力和基本实验技能.由此来衡量学生从事科学研究和独立承担专门技术工作的能力以及是否已达到研究生培养的目标.
在评阅硕士或博士学位论文中都有规范性标准,同时形成了一段规范性语言,即:硕士论文—在本门学科已掌握了坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识,具有从事科学研究和承担专门技术工作的能力,论文工作有所创新.
博士论文:在本门学科掌握了坚实,宽广的基础理论和系统,深入的专门知识,具有独立从事科学研究和承担专门技术工作的能力.论文做出了创新性成果.
这既是对不同学位研究生水平的衡量标准,也是对学位论文的总要求.当然,学位论文的全部工作也要根据这一要求进行.实际上凡是作过学位论文的学生都有体会,在选题那一刻开始就已进入了论文的撰写工作,在某种意义上可以说,整个攻读学位的过程就是撰写论文的过程.
二,论文选题
要做出好的学位论文,好的选题是至关重要的.论文选题工作也是指导教师承担的重要责任之一.
一个好的论文选题应具有先进性,前瞻性和创造性,在一定程度上还要有可实现性.一般来说“科研”是作好论文的'必要条件,但并不充分.在我们当今的“科研”有实用价值而没有论文价值的很多,并不是所有的项目都可以做一篇好论文.一篇好的论文选题要具备“三性”,其具体含义如下:
先进性:论文选题应是本学科的热点,学位论文的起点永远应在最高点.
前瞻性:有一定的预测性质,通俗地说,就是针对这个研究课题有希望取得成果的几个方向是什麼,也就是对科研的结果有个基本预测.
创造性:研究方法,提出的概念,实验结果较前人有所进步和改进或有重大突破.所以,在某种意义上说,有一个好的选题,论文工作就已完成了一半.
三,论文撰写
论文撰写总体上看应是整个研究工作的总结与升华,是由表及裏的分析过程,是数学分析对物理概念的诠译过程,也是用实验数据对理论有力佐证的过程.要写好学位论文,就必须掌握学位论文的文体体例和语言特点,一篇好的论文各个环节都要精雕细刻.
在科技领域裏,我们自然科学工作者的任务是描写自然现象,分析自然现象的规律,研究各种自然规律用於人类实践的方法,描述和表达取得的各类成果.其科研工作的特点,在论文中表达的思想要严谨准确,语言简洁明快,推理要合乎逻辑,避免产生歧意和误解.
撰写学位论文的体系结构一般比较固定,它包含一些主体项目,而且,每一个主体项目具有一定的功能,写作时有一定的语言特点和具体要求.下边谈一下行文的要点,以抛砖引玉,仅供参考.
1,标题(title):论文的第一个主体就是标题,其基本功能是:
1)概括全文:标题应能准确地概括全文内容,一般要求提纲挚领,点明主题,做到文题相符.
2)吸引读者:读者往往“以题取文”,论文题目应有吸引力,这样才能吸引人去读正文,一般情况下,看标题的读者远远高於读正文的读者.
3)便於检索:标题是检索论文的重要索引,好的论文标题有利於流通和传播.标题的语言特点有:首先,标题一般只是文章的“标签”,“称呼”,不反映具体内容,一般不必用完整的句子;另外,多用名词,词组.(英文更是如此)
标题的写作要求是:
1)言简意赅.专家们建议不要超过15个字,根据人的记忆特点,最好不超过12个字,否则不易记忆.如果实在难以精炼,可加副标题.但标题过短而令人费解也不可取.
2)避免太空洞,太广泛,太笼统的标题.应坚决杜绝,如“图像编码研究”,就太广泛,令人摸不著边际,而“基於walsh——hadanard变换的图像编码研究”就是一个较好的标题.使人一看就知道该论文研究的是图像变换编码,而且所用的变换是walsh—hadamard变换.
3)少用问题型标题.在学术论文中,问题型标题一般不多见,因为疑问型标题编制索引也比较困难.
4)尽量少用非标准化的缩略语.如果英文标题还应尽量避免名词,动名词混用.
2,关键词(keywords):关键词是指论文中最主要,最关键的,重复率最高的词或词组.关键词的功能在於使读者据名猜意,有助於了解全篇主旨.为便於检索,一般关键词常常作为索引列入文献检索系统,因此,有利於全文检索.
关键词的语言特点有:
1)多用名词;字数有限;一般4到6个,最多不超过10个.
2)出处明确:一般从标题或摘要中选取,这部分一般是最重要的部分.
3)写作要求:书写规范,包括称谓,位置,书写等要符合规范,一般关键词间用逗号或分号隔开.
3,摘要:摘要是论文的重要部分,必须精心组织.
摘要的功能是:
1)摘要是论文的缩影,是全文的高度概括和浓缩,便於读者了解全文的梗概.
2)摘要是扩大流通的媒介,有的情报人员根据论文摘要编制索引资料,也有的编入文摘刊物,这样流通范围会大大扩展.
摘要的语言特点:短小精悍,论文摘要必须提纲携领,言简意赅,重点突出. 论文摘要可分为两类,一类是概括型摘要,一类是资讯型摘要.概括型摘要概括论文的主要论点,分析过程和结论.一般短小精悍.概括型摘要主要用於理论性较强的论文.
资讯类摘要一般是全文的浓缩,不但要综述论文的内容,要旨,重点,而且要概要地介绍论文采用的主要方法,列出有关的数据,试验结果.如果是创新方法,演算法,还要说明基本原理,操作步骤,采用的数据等关键资料.这种摘要多用於技术性较强的论文.其长度应为全文的1∕30左右.总体上说,概括性摘要比较宏观,文体比较正式,篇幅比较小.资讯型摘要比较微观,文体比较灵活,篇幅比较长.
论文摘要的文体比较固定,一般为“三段式”结构,即:开头,展开,结尾.开头就是主题句,开门见山点出主题;展开段进一步阐明论文的内容,研究方法,分析过程及论证要点;结尾段是给全文做出结论,并指出结论的意义.
论文摘要的内容一定要完整.这主要体现在四个方面:研究的目的;研究的方法;研究的结果;研究的主要结论.一般论文摘要可独立成篇. 论文摘要协作应避免过於简短,避免句子结构太呆扳,避免使用非规范的缩略语,一般不用疑问句和感叹句.
4,正文
学位论文的正文一般结构比较固定.科技论文是说理性文章,主要功能是论述客观事物及其规律,因此,科技文体比较写实.在写作过程中注意语义的准确性,非形象性,注意不要有感情色彩,尽量保持叙述的客观性.论文应包括以下几个部分:
第一章:综述
论文的第一章一般安排“综述”,近年来有许多论文都写“绪论”,我个人认为应写“综述”.因为“综述”是综合论述(summarize),是针对该论文的主题对前人工作进行的总结性段落.而绪论的英文是(introduction).通常在写书的时候多用绪论.
篇11:研究生学位论文
关于研究生学位论文
背景与研究现状:
连梁是剪力墙结构中的重要构件,它是墙肢之间传力的纽带。它在地震作用下的承载能力、延性和耗能能力的优劣对整个剪力墙结构抗震性能的好坏起着决定性的作用。这就要求连梁同时具有较好的承载能力、延性和变形能力,因此同时提高连梁的承载力、延性和耗能能力是改善剪力墙结构抗震性能的关键和难点。为了解决传统连梁所存在的设计问题,近年来,国内外学者就针对这一问题做出大量研究,为了改进钢筋混凝土连梁延性,到目前为止,提出了带通缝连梁、带连接键连梁、斜对角交叉配筋混凝土连梁、菱形配筋钢筋混凝土连梁、劲性筋钢筋混凝土连梁和组合连梁控制结构体系等形式。
检索的最新资料:
[1]张宏站,张瑞瑾,黄承逵.钢纤维高强混凝土连梁抗剪试验研究[J],土木工程学报,.11;15-22
[2]戴航.混凝土高层建筑抗震自控系列试验研究[J],工程力学。.3;10-20
[3]刘清山.抗震剪力墙小跨高比连梁的理论分析及试验研究[D],西安建筑科技大学.4
[4] 杨萌,黄承逵,刘毅.钢纤维高强混凝土抗剪性能试验研究[J],大连理工大学学报,,45(6):842-846.
意义和预期目标:
意义:将钢纤维用于连梁中以构成钢筋钢纤维了混凝土连梁和钢筋混凝土剪力墙的组合抗震剪力墙结构是解决剪力墙结构难题的优良途径。通过研究不强度钢纤维混凝土连梁的抗剪性能,明确钢纤维混凝土连梁与联肢剪力墙之间的'刚度、延性和承载力等局部性能与整体性能之间的关系,进而确保钢纤维混凝土连梁达到延性联肢剪力墙对连梁的刚度、延性和承载力的要求。
预期目标:
1. 分析高层建筑剪力墙结构中连梁的受力特点,确定考虑剪力墙端部约束的适合连梁受力特点的钢筋钢纤维混凝土连梁低周反复加载试验模型和加载方法。
2. 研究钢纤维对钢筋混凝土连梁承载能力、抗裂能力和抗震性能的影响,提出钢纤维对不同强度等级凝土连梁的延性、耗能、刚度衰减等效果的影响。
3. 整理试验数据,得出试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线,并对位移延性、承载力退化、刚度退化和耗能进行综合分析,得到钢纤维对不同强度等级凝土连梁的影响。
实验设计和研究安排:
实验设计:本实验变化参数为连梁的混凝土强度,强度等级分别为fcu=30 Mpa、40Mpa、50 Mpa、60 Mpa、70 Mpa、80Mpa,跨高比l/h为2.0;钢纤维体积率为ρf=1.0%,钢纤维的长径比为lf/df=60.共六个试件,其中控制连梁高度为400mm不变。通过反复加载进行试验,对测得数据进行分析总结得出相应结论。
研究安排:预计2月前准备并完成开题,203月~年4月进行构件浇注, 2011年5月~2011年7月研究实验,2011年8月~2011年12月论文撰写和补充实验,1月~204月论文修订、答辩。
篇12:学位论文答谢词
学位论文答谢词
致谢词一
本人的学位论文是在我的导师温老师的亲切关怀和悉心指导下完成的。他严肃的科学态度,严谨的治学精神,精益求精的工作作风,深深地感染和激励着我。从课题的选择到项目的最终完成,温老师都始终给予我细心的指导和不懈的支持。在此谨向温老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。
在此,我还要感谢在一起愉快的度过大学生活的每个可爱的同学们和尊敬的老师们,正是由于你们的帮助和支持,我才能克服一个一个的困难和疑惑,直至本文的顺利完成。
在论文即将完成之际,我的心情无法平静,从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成,有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助,在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!谢谢你们!
致谢词二
本论文是在温老师的悉心指导下完成的。老师渊博的专业知识,严谨的治学态度,精益求精的工作作风,诲人不倦的高尚师德,严以律己、宽以待人的崇高风范,朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力对我影响深远。不仅是我树立了远大的学术目标、掌握了基本的研究方法,还使我明白了许多待人接物与人处事的道路。
本论文从选题到完成,每一步都是在温老师的指导下完成了,倾注了老师大量的心血。在此,谨向老师表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢!
致谢词三
本设计的完成是在我们的导师××老师的细心指导下进行的。在每次设计遇到问题时老师不辞辛苦的讲解才使得我的设计顺利的进行。从设计的选题到资料的搜集直至最后设计的修改的整个过程中,花费了郭老师很多的`宝贵时间和精力,在此向导师表示衷心地感谢!导师严谨的治学态度,开拓进取的精神和高度的责任心都将使学生受益终生!
还要感谢和我同一设计小组的几位同学,是你们在我平时设计中和我一起探讨问题,并指出我设计上的误区,使我能及时的发现问题把设计顺利的进行下去,没有你们的帮助我不可能这样顺利地结稿,在此表示深深的谢意。
致谢词四
大学生活一晃而过,回首走过的岁月,心中倍感充实,当我写完这篇毕业论文的时候,有一种如释重负的感觉,感慨良多。
首先诚挚的感谢我的论文指导老师**老师。她在忙碌的教学工作中挤出时间来审查、修改我的论文。还有教过我的所有老师们,你们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样;他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪。
感谢三年中陪伴在我身边的同学、朋友,感谢他们为我提出的有益的建议和意见,有了他们的支持、鼓励和帮助,我才能充实的度过了三年的学习生活。
致谢词五
本研究及学位论文是在我的导师***老师的亲切关怀和悉心指导下完成的。他严肃的科学态度,严谨的治学精神,精益求精的工作作风,深深地感染和激励着我。*老师不仅在学业上给我以精心指导,同时还在思想、生活上给我以无微不至的关怀,在此谨向*老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。我还要感谢在一起愉快的度过毕业论文小组的同学们,正是由于你们的帮助和支持,我才能克服一个一个的困难和疑惑,直至本文的顺利完成。 在论文即将完成之际,我的心情无法平静,从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成,有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助,在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!最后我还要感谢培养我长大含辛茹苦的父母,谢谢你们! 最后,再次对关心、帮助我的老师和同学表示衷心地感谢!
致谢词六
在本次论文设计过程中,***老师对该论文从选题,构思到最后定稿的各个环节给予细心指引与教导,使我得以最终完成毕业论文设计。在学习中,老师严谨的治学态度、丰富渊博的知识、敏锐的学术思维、精益求精的工作态度以及侮人不倦的师者风范是我终生学习的楷模,导师们的高深精湛的造诣与严谨求实的治学精神,将永远激励着我。这三年中还得到众多老师的关心支持和帮助。在此,谨向老师们致以衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意! 最后,我要向百忙之中抽时间对本文进行审阅,评议和参与本人论文答辩的各位老师表示感谢。
篇13:学位论文提纲
中小企业在一国经济中扮演者重要角色,在繁荣经济,促进经济增长,增加就业,保证社会稳定,深化社会分工,促进创新等方面起着不可代替的作用。 详细内容请看下文学位论文提纲。
一、国外中小企业的融资方式
(一) 美国中小企业融资方式及特点
1、政策性金融机构及政策倾斜
2、互助性团体
3、商业性融资机构
4、成熟的风险投资
(二) 日本中小企业融资方式及特点
1、政策性扶持
2、商业性金融机构
(1) 直接融资
(2) 间接融资
(三) 德国中小企业融资方式及特点
1、成立专门金融机构
2、信贷担保机构
3、设立中小企业发展基金
二、我国中小企业融资现状及原因
(一) 我国中小企业融资现状
1、间接融资
2、直接融资
3、民间借贷
(二) 中小企业融资现状的原因
三、外国中小企业融资方式的启示
(一) 政策支持
(二) 完善中小企业信用担保体系
(三) 完善金融市场利用多样融资工具
(四) 利用软信息发展“关系型”风险投资
(五) 规范疏导,发挥民间借贷力量
资金作为一种生产要素,总是存在其稀缺性,怎样给中小企业提供融资支持,使其能够良好活跃的发展,是各国共同面对的一个问题。各国对中小企业融资问题的解决受到各国的经济状况,政治,历史等诸多隐身的影响,各有不同。一国融资制度,没有绝对好坏之分,要根据各国具体国情而定,只要是适合本国的中西企业,对其发展起到帮助促进作用就是好的制度。
篇14:学位论文写法
学位论文写法
正确指导学生撰写论文是高等学校教学过程中的重要环节之一,是学生完成所学专业并完满毕业的重要标志。为了进一步帮助大家写好论
文,现将一些应规范的问题说明附后:
一、什么是学位论文?
学位论文是高等院校毕业生用以申请授予相应学位而提出作为考核
和评审的文章。学位论文分为学士、硕士、博士三个等级。
1、学士论文:
学士论文是合格的本科毕业生撰写的论文。毕业论文应反映出作者
能够准确地掌握大学阶段所学的专业基础知识,基本学会综合运用所学
知识进行科学研究的方法,对所研究的题目有一定的心得体会,论文题
目的范围不宜过宽,一般选择本学科某一重要问题的一个侧面或一个难
点,选择题目还应避免过小、过旧和过长。
2、硕士论文:
硕士论文是攻读硕士学位研究生所撰写的论文。它应能反映出作者
广泛而深入地掌握专业基础知识,具有独立进行科研的能力,对所研究
的题目有新的独立见解,论文具有一定的深度和较好的科学价值,对本
专业学术水平的提高有积极作用。
3、博士论文:
博士论文是攻读博士学位研究生所撰写的论文。它要求作者在博导
的指导下,能够自己选择潜在的研究方向,开辟新的研究领域,掌握相
当渊博的本学科有关领域的理论知识,具有相当熟练的科学研究能力,
对本学科能够提供创造性的见解,论文具有较高的学术价值,对学科的
发展具有重要的推动作用。
二、学位论文的总体原则要求是什么?
1、立论客观,具有独创性:
文章的基本观点必须来自具体材料的分析和研究中,所提出的问题
在本专业学科领域内有一定的理论意义或实际意义,并通过独立研究,
提出了自己一定的认知和看法。
2、论据翔实,富有确证性:
论文能够做到旁征博引,多方佐证,所用论据自己持何看法,有主
证和旁证。论文中所用的材料应做到言必有据,准确可靠,精确无误。
3、论证严密,富有逻辑性:
作者提出问题、分析问题和解决问题, 要符合客观事物的发展规
律,全篇论文形成一个有机的整体, 使判断与推理言之有序, 天衣无
缝。
4、体式明确,标注规范:
论文必须以论点的形成构成全文的结构格局,以多方论证的内容组
成文章丰满的整体,以较深的理论分析辉映全篇。此外,论文的整体结
构和标注要求规范得体。
5、语言准确、表达简明:
论文最基本的要求是读者能看懂。 因此, 要求文章想的清,说的
明,想的深,说的透,做到深入浅出,言简意赅。
三、毕业论文的标准格式是什么?
1、论文题目:(下附署名)
要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录
目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、内容提要:
是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多
不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文
的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容
特征的.词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取
3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分
析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语
主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言
一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作
的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论
证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:
a.提出问题-论点;
b.分析问题-论据和论证;
c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤;
d.结论。
6、参考文献
一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要
文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB77
14-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)
英文:作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是:
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出
版物信息。
四、获取最佳论文选题的途径?
1、选择你有浓厚兴趣,而且在某方面较有专长的课题。
2、在不了解和了解不详的领域中寻找课题。
3、要善于独辟蹊径,选择富有新意的课题。
4、选择能够找得到足够参考资料的课题。
5、征询导师和专家的意见。
6、善于利用图书馆; 图书馆的自动化、网络化为读者选题提供了便利
条件。











